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A semicolon conveys a closer connection than a period but a stronger break than a comma between two sentence elements. It usually coordinates more complex sentence elements, such as independent clauses within a compound sentence. Though the semicolon was used more freely in past eras, its function within clauses has narrowed over time to a few widely accepted uses. Generally speaking, it’s best to use semicolons seldom.

A semicolon joins two independent clauses not linked by a coordinating or subordinating conjunction.

Gabby and Steve tried not to laugh; they couldn’t help themselves.

Like conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs join two independent clauses, but they do so with an adverbial emphasis. Conjunctive adverbials include summarizing words like thus, indicators of time such as finally, and contrasting words or phrases such as to the contrary. Place a semicolon between two independent clauses linked by a conjunctive adverb.

Gabby and Steve tried not to laugh; nevertheless, they couldn’t help themselves.

When one or more of the items in a series contains internal punctuation, or is long and complex, using a semicolon to delineate each group of items helps clarify the sentence.

The vacation package my parents bought includes a roundtrip flight; complimentary breakfast, lunch, and dinner every day at the hotel; and organized day trips such as snorkeling, hiking, and fishing.