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Maggi M. Morehouse, Fighting in the Jim Crow Army: Black Men and Women Remember World War II (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000).

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Nelson Peery, Black Fire: The Making of an American Revolutionary (New York: New Press, 1994).

Harvard Sitkoff, “American Blacks in World War II: Rethinking the Militancy-Watershed Hypothesis,” in The Home Front and War in the Twentieth Century, ed. James Titus (Colorado Springs: U.S. Air Force Academy and Office of Air Force History, 1984).