Testing Evidence

See C in the Quick Research Guide for advice on evaluating sources of evidence.

As both a reader and a writer, always critically test and question evidence to see whether it is strong enough to carry the weight of the writer’s claims.

EVIDENCE CHECKLIST

See information on mistakes in thinking.

  • Is it accurate?
    • Do the facts and figures seem accurate based on what you have found in published sources, reports by others, or reference works?
    • Are figures or quoted facts copied correctly?
  • Is it reliable?
    • Is the source trustworthy and well regarded?
    • Does the source acknowledge any commercial, political, advocacy, or other bias that might affect the quality of its information?
    • Does the writer supplying the evidence have appropriate credentials or experience? Is the writer respected as an expert in the field?
    • Do other sources agree with the information?
  • Is it up-to-date?
    • Are facts and statistics — such as population figures — current?
    • Is the information from the latest sources?
  • Is it to the point?
    • Does the evidence back the exact claim made?
    • Is the evidence all pertinent? Does any of it drift from the point to interesting but irrelevant evidence?
  • Is it representative?
    • Are examples typical of all the things included in the writer’s position?
    • Are examples balanced? Do they present the topic or issue fairly?
    • Are contrary examples acknowledged?
  • Is it appropriately complex?
    • Is the evidence sufficient to account for the claim made?
    • Does it avoid treating complex things superficially?
    • Does it avoid needlessly complicating simple things?
  • Is it sufficient and strong enough to back the claim and persuade readers?
    • Are the amount and quality of the evidence appropriate for the claim and for the readers?
    • Is the evidence aligned with the existing knowledge of readers?
    • Does the evidence answer the questions readers are likely to ask?
    • Is the evidence vivid and significant?