Table 18.4: ATP yield from the complete oxidation of glucose

Reaction sequence	ATP yield per glucose molecule
Glycolysis: Conversion of glucose into pyruvate (in the cytoplasm) Phosphorylation of glucose Phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate Dephosphorylation of 2 molecules of 1,3-BPG Dephosphorylation of 2 molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate 2 molecules of NADH are formed in the oxidation of 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	−1 −1 +2 +2
Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA (inside mitochondria) 2 molecules of NADH are formed
Citric acid cycle (inside mitochondria) 2 molecules of adenosine triphosphate are formed from 2 molecules of succinyl CoA 6 molecules of NADH are formed in the oxidation of 2 molecules each of isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, and malate 2 molecules of FADH₂ are formed in the oxidation of 2 molecules of succinate	+2
Oxidative phosphorylation (inside mitochondria) 2 molecules of NADH formed in glycolysis; each yields 1.5 molecules of ATP (assuming transport of NADH by the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle) 2 molecules of NADH formed in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate; each yields 2.5 molecules of ATP 2 molecules of FADH₂ formed in the citric acid cycle; each yields 1.5 molecules of ATP 6 molecules of NADH formed in the citric acid cycle; each yields 2.5 molecules of ATP	+3 +5 +3 +15
Net Yield per Molecule of Glucose	+30
Information on the ATP yield of oxidative phosphorylation is from values given in P. C. Hinkle, M. A. Kumar, A. Resetar, and D. L. Harris, Biochemistry 30:3576, 1991. Note: The current value of 30 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose supersedes the earlier value of 36 molecules of ATP. The stoichiometries of proton pumping, ATP synthesis, and metabolite transport should be regarded as estimates. About 2 more molecules of ATP are formed per molecule of glucose oxidized when the malate–aspartate shuttle rather than the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is used.

Reaction sequence

ATP yield per glucose molecule

Glycolysis: Conversion of glucose into pyruvate (in the cytoplasm)

Phosphorylation of glucose

Phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate

Dephosphorylation of 2 molecules of 1,3-BPG

Dephosphorylation of 2 molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate

2 molecules of NADH are formed in the oxidation

of 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

−1

Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA (inside mitochondria)

2 molecules of NADH are formed

Citric acid cycle (inside mitochondria)

2 molecules of adenosine triphosphate are formed

from 2 molecules of succinyl CoA

6 molecules of NADH are formed in the oxidation of 2 molecules

each of isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, and malate

2 molecules of FADH₂ are formed in the oxidation of 2 molecules

of succinate

Oxidative phosphorylation (inside mitochondria)

2 molecules of NADH formed in glycolysis; each

yields 1.5 molecules of ATP (assuming transport of NADH by

the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle)

2 molecules of NADH formed in the oxidative decarboxylation

of pyruvate; each yields 2.5 molecules of ATP

2 molecules of FADH₂ formed in the citric acid cycle; each

yields 1.5 molecules of ATP

6 molecules of NADH formed in the citric acid cycle; each

yields 2.5 molecules of ATP

+15

Net Yield per Molecule of Glucose

+30

Information on the ATP yield of oxidative phosphorylation is from values given in P. C. Hinkle, M. A. Kumar, A. Resetar, and D. L. Harris, Biochemistry 30:3576, 1991.

Note: The current value of 30 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose supersedes the earlier value of 36 molecules of ATP. The stoichiometries of proton pumping, ATP synthesis, and metabolite transport should be regarded as estimates. About 2 more molecules of ATP are formed per molecule of glucose oxidized when the malate–aspartate shuttle rather than the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is used.