The purpose of this standard is to outline factors that help an early-
There are three Key Elements of Standard 2:
(I and A): An early-
(I and A): An early-
(I): An early-
The importance of establishing and nurturing ties between and within the family and community is evident throughout the text. Specific examples include the following:
Discusses Bronfenbrenner’s ecological-
Discusses the way early relationships help infants develop a working model, or set of assumptions about the world and how it works, that become a frame of reference for later life (p. 226).
Discusses prevention of avoidable injury, including measures communities may take to ensure child safety (pp. 264–
Discusses the importance of good communication between school and home (p. 298).
Discusses the role of communities in ensuring safe and adequate play spaces (p. 318).
Discusses physical, cognitive, and social impact of participation in neighborhood games, school exercise, and after-
Discusses the roles of state and local governments, teachers, and parents in identifying children with special needs and providing appropriate educational environments for them (pp. 369–
Discusses Vygotsky and the roles of social interaction and instruction in children’s cognitive development; the influence of culture and context on what, how, and when children learn; and the relative power of parents, educators, and political leaders in determining school curriculum (pp. 379–
Discusses family and community influences on second-
Defines family function, discussing the five major functions families serve for children: (1) provide physical necessities, (2) support, encourage, and guide education; (3) provide opportunities for success that encourage children’s self-
Discusses diversity of family structures, and the ability/challenge of different structures in meeting the five family functions (pp. 419–
Includes an A View from Science feature on divorce and its potential effects on children (p. 421).
Discusses the impact of poverty on the family, and explains the family stress model, reviewing stresses experienced by children in low-
Discusses the effects of family conflict, and the importance of networks of social support (including the efficacy of affiliation with religious institutions) (p. 428).