Content Changes in the Tenth Edition

Family Pride Grandpa Charilaos is proud of his tavern in northern Greece (central Macedonia), but he is even more proud of his talented grandchildren, including Maria Soni (shown here). Note her expert fingering. Her father and mother also play instruments; is that nature or nurture?

Part I. The Beginnings

1. Introduction

1. New chapter opener on Professor Berger’s experience at the birth of her grandson, Caleb, illustrates some of the reasons for the study of human development

2. Discussion of the three domains of development brought forward in the chapter

3. Differential susceptibility illustrated with example of children with a particular version of the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTPLR

4. Rationale for the shift by developmentalists from studying only the period of birth through adolescence to studying the entire life span explained in full

5. The difference-equals-deficit error defined and discussed

6. Expanded section on sexual orientation

7. New Opposing Perspectives box considers use of the word race

8. Plasticity now discussed in the context of the dynamic-systems approach

9. New A View from Science box discusses the fear of a vaccination–autism link

10. Visualizing Development: Diverse Complexities

2. Theories

1. New chapter opener illustrates three aspects shared by all theories: (1) behavior can be surprising, (2) humans develop theories to explain everything, and (3) experience and culture matter

2. A separate major section now devoted to discussion of each theory

3. Classical conditioning illustrated by example of white coat syndrome

4. Discussion of information processing expanded with inclusion of new insights from neuroscience, including photos comparing brain scans of healthy adults with those of adults who were diagnosed with ADHD as children

5. Physical therapists’ tailoring of treatment regimes to each patient used as an example of guiding someone through the zone of proximal development

6. The introduction to the universal perspective (humanism and evolutionary theory) has been expanded

7. In discussion of humanism: long-term effects on children whose parents did not have unconditional positive regard for them

8. In discussion of evolutionary theory: a new subsection on evolution and culture

9. Visualizing Development: Breast-feeding Diversity

3. The New Genetics

1. Major sections reorganized for smoother information flow

2. Expanded explanation of genes includes discussion of epigenetics

3. In discussion of genetic variations: a new paragraph on jumping discusses transfer of some genetic material from one chromosome to the other when sperm and ova pair up

4. New section on male/female differences in infertility

5. Expanded section on IVF

6. Visualizing Development: One Baby or More

4. Prenatal Development and Birth

Proud Peruvian In rural Peru, an early-education program (Pronoei) encourages community involvement and traditional culture. Preschoolers, like this girl in a holiday parade, are proud to be themselves, and that helps them become healthy and strong.

1. New chapter opener about the birth of Professor Berger’s grandson illustrates constancies in prenatal development and birth as well changes in culture and context over time

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   Section on the final three months of pregnancy reorganized to include subsections on organ maturation and the mother–child relationship

3. Expanded section on cesarean delivery, including a paragraph on negative factors that appear months to years after birth

4. Behavioral teratogens now discussed in a separate subsection

5. New A View from Science box discusses conflicting advice given to pregnant women about their health and potential teratogens

6. New subsection What Do We Know? raises questions about the state of our knowledge of teratogens and their effects

7. Discussion of low birthweight now a separate major section

8. New subsection on family bonding

9. Visualizing Development: A Healthy Newborn

Part II. The First Two Years

5. The First Two Years: Biosocial Development

1. Failure to thrive now discussed early in the chapter in explanation of percentile rankings

2. New comparison of infants’ sleep patterns in various cultures

3. New figure (5.3) indicates percentage of co-sleeping infants in 14 countries

4. New subsection on specialization of brain areas

5. In section on brain development: a significantly expanded subsection on transient exuberance of dendrites and pruning

6. Expanded introduction to the section on motor skills

7. New subsection on dynamic sensory-motor systems in discussion of motor skills

8. New A Case to Study box on SIDS

9. Visualizing Development: Nature, Nurture, and the Brain

6. The First Two Years: Cognitive Development

1. New chapter opener about Professor Berger’s conversation with a dentist parallels steps in the development of infant cognition

2. New A View from Science box explores insights from modern research about Piaget’s stage theory

3. fNIRS (functional near infrared spectroscopy) has been added to the list (and illustration) of techniques used by neuroscientists to understand brain function

4. Revised and expanded introduction to information-processing theory

5. In section on information processing: discussion of memory has been substantially reorganized and revised

6. Research on the ability of infants of bilingual mothers ability to distinguish between the two languages has been added

7. New research on cultural differences in what sounds infants prefer

8. Discussion of mean length of utterance (MLU) as a measure of a child’s language progress

9. Visualizing Development: Early Communication and Language Development

7. The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

Bliss for Boys But not for moms. Finger painting develops fine motor skills, which is part of the preschool curriculum in early childhood. This boy shows why most stay-home 3-year-olds miss out on this joy.

1. Chapter substantially reorganized: new major section Brain and Emotions; The Development of Social Bonds major section brought forward and now precedes the major section Theories of Infant Psychosocial Development

2. Expanded discussion of infants’ experience of fear

3. Growth of the Brain section significantly revised: now includes discussion of how cultural differences are encoded in the brain as well as revised subsections on development of social impulses and on stress

4. Section on behaviorism and social learning now includes research showing that variations in proximal and distal parenting lead to variations in toddler behavior

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5. New sections on how humanism and evolutionary theory explain infant psychosocial development

6. Section on infant day care substantially revised and reorganized; now includes a new A View from Science: The Mixed Realities of Infant Day Care

7. Visualizing Development: Developing Attachment

Part III. Early Childhood

8. Early Childhood: Biosocial Development

1. Child Maltreatment now a major section

2. New research on nutrition, including long-term effects of childhood obesity

3. Section on nutritional deficiencies revised and expanded

4. Intellectual disability as a result of failure of the corpus callosum to develop

5. Expanded section on stress hormones and their impact

6. New A View from Science: Eliminating Lead includes illustration of the effects of lead exposure on the brain

7. New subhead Accuracy of State Data discusses inconsistencies in how different states report child maltreatment

8. New subsection presents new research on long-term impact of child maltreatment on development of social skills

9. Visualizing Development: Developing Motor Skills

9. Early Childhood: Cognitive Development

1. New chapter opener presents cognitive characteristics of a young child as exemplified in Professor Berger’s conversation with her young grandson when he tried to convince her to play an imaginary basketball game

2. Section on conservation and logic significantly revised with insights from recent research

3. New A Case to Study: Stones in the Belly illustrates preoperational cognition

4. New subsection Overimitation expands discussion in previous edition

5. New subsection STEM Learning looks at Vygotsky’s theory as it is applies to the current emphasis on STEM education

6. Recent research on the naming explosion and fast-mapping

7. Visualizing Development: Early-Childhood Schooling

10. Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

No Toys Boys in middle childhood are happiest playing outside with equipment designed for work. This wheelbarrow is perfect, especially because at any moment the pusher might tip it.

1. Section on protective optimism revised

2. Introduction to major section Play revised and expanded

3. Section on Culture and Cohort revised and expanded; includes figure showing time spent in various activities by children from four cultures/ethnicities

4. Section on drama and pretending revised with new data on how much “screen time” young children have each day

5. Section on gender development brought forward

6. Section on moral development significantly reorganized and expanded

7. Visualizing Development: Less Play, Less Safe?

Part IV. Middle Childhood

11. Middle Childhood: Biosocial Development

1. Special Education now a major section

2. New chapter opener highlights questions about parents’ impact on a child’s physical development

3. New section on children’s health habits

4. New A View from Science: What Causes Childhood Obesity?

5. New major section Developmental Psychopathology is a revised and reorganized treatment of issues around children with special needs, including a revised section on ADHD and drug treatments for children

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6. New A Case to Study: Lynda Is Getting Worse illustrates the difficulty in diagnosing psychopathologies

7. New Figure 11.4 shows percentage of 6- to 17-year-olds medicated for emotional or behavioral difficulties during the last six months

8. Dysgraphia added to the discussion of specific learning disorders

9. New Figure 11.5 shows percentage of 3- to 21-year-olds with special educational needs in 1981, 2001, 2012

10. Visualizing Development: Childhood Obesity Around the Globe

12. Middle Childhood: Cognitive Development

1. Recent research added to the Information Processing section detailing how the ability to estimate magnitude (such as understanding the relative size of fractions) predicts later math proficiency

2. Section on bilingual education brought forward

3. Recent research on academic achievement that shows children have to internalize the positive expectations of teachers and parents for those expectations to motivate learning

4. Recent research about the provision (or lack of provision) of arts education

5. Section on international testing revised and expanded

6. New research on changes in teachers’ and state legislators’ attitudes toward the Common Core (more negative)

7. Second-language learning as an example of how policy affects education

8. New section on ethnic diversity in U.S. schools

9. Visualizing Development: Education in Middle Childhood Around the World

13. Middle Childhood: Psychosocial Development

1. Social rejection as a cause and a consequence of feeling inferior

2. Revised section on self-concept includes focus on the importance of social comparison

3. New section Culture and Self-Esteem discusses what healthy self-esteem means in different cultures

4. Revised section on two-parent families

5. Visualizing Development: A Wedding, or Not? Family Structures Around the World

Part V. Adolescence

14. Adolescence: Biosocial Development

1. Chapter reorganized: section on growth brought forward under new major heading Growth and Nutrition; sections on Brain Development and Sexual Maturation each now a major heading

2. New A View from Science: Stress and Puberty

3. Section Body Fat and Chemicals combines sections Body Fat and Hormones from previous edition

4. Discussion of brain development brought forward

5. Visualizing Development: The Timing of Puberty

Don’t Worry Contemporary teenagers, like this couple, are more likely to be seen in public hugging and kissing but are less likely to be sexually active than similar couples were 20 years ago.

15. Adolescence: Cognitive Development

1. Discussion of the imaginary audience revised and updated to include impact of social media

2. Three short problems have been added for students to test themselves on intuitive and analytical reasoning

3. Major section on technology and cognition reorganized and substantially revised under the heading Digital Natives

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4. New section on the dangers of sexting

5. Visualizing Development: Thinking in Adolescence

16. Adolescence: Psychosocial Development

1. Significantly revised introduction to the section on peer pressure

2. New section on social networking in discussion of peers

3. New Opposing Perspectives: E-cigarettes: Path to Addiction or Healthy Choice?

4. Visualizing Development: How Many Adolescents Are in School?

Epilogue: Emerging Adulthood

1. Section on biosocial development substantially revised; now includes discussion of organ reserve, homeostasis, allostasis

2. New A Case to Study: An Adrenaline Junkie

3. Revised and expanded section on current contexts of college

4. Revised section Identity Achieved