SI-1

Note: Page numbers followed by f, p, or t indicate features, photographs, or tables respectively.

5-HTTLPR gene, 515–516, 516f, 526

23rd pair of chromosomes. See Sex chromosomes

Abecedarian, 304

Abnormality, 361

Abortion, 72–73, 89, 220, 468, 469, 531

Abusive head trauma, 149–150

Acceleration, 371

Accident paradigm, 263

Accidents, 348, 464, 546, 548

Acclaim, 498–499

Accommodation, 48, 48f, 173, 180

ACE inhibitors, 116t

Ache, 160

Achievement, 359, 516, 535

Achievement tests, 359, 361, 374

Acne, 457

Active labor, 106

Active play, 254, 320–323, 342

Activity. See Physical activity

Adam’s apple, 466

Adaptation, 48f, 172, 173–174, 180

Addiction

to chat rooms, video games, online gambling, 491–493, 495

to drugs, 532, 534, 538p

Additive heredity, 81–82

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), 50

Adolescence (11 to 18)

biosocial development, 445–471

brain development, 462–465

change over time, 443

cognitive development, 475–505

delinquency and defiance during, 529–532

depression during, 526–528

diet deficiencies, 457–460

as digital natives, 489–493

digital natives, 506

drop-out rates, 504–505, 506, 535, 536f

drug use and abuse, 449, 532–538, 533f, 533p

dual processing brain of, 487–489

formal operational stage of development, 47–48, 49

friendships during, 519–522

genital stage of social development, 40–41, 41t

growth patterns, 456–461

identity formation, 509–514, 539

identity vs. role confusion stage, 41–42, 41t

intuitive and analytical thinking, 482–489, 506, 548–549

irrationality of, 482, 484

logic and self-perception, 476–481, 506

psychosocial development, 509–538

puberty, 445–456, 446p

relationships with parents, 495, 498, 513p, 514–518, 517p, 519, 523, 539

romance, 522–524

sexual maturation, 465–472

suicide during, 493p, 528–529, 528f

teaching and learning during, 496–505, 506

Adolescent egocentrism, 476–478, 481, 485, 486, 498, 506, 520p

Adolescent-limited offenders, 530, 532, 539

Adoption, 272–273, 274

Adoptive families, 150p, 272p, 419, 420, 420t, 425

Adrenal glands, 252f

Adult-adolescent relationships, 514–518, 539

Adulthood, 8–9, 41–42, 41t

Advanced Placement test (AP), 500, 506

Advertising, 352, 352f, 537

Affection, 558

Affiliation, 558

Affordance

dynamic perception in infants, 182–183

factors influencing, 181–182, 186

people preference in infants, 183

visual cliff experiments, 182

Afghanistan, 232, 232t

Africa

age of start of puberty, 450

bilingual children in, 295

center-based infant care in, 231

co-sleeping in, 140

discipline of children in, 337

infant mortality rates, 162p

malnutrition in, 167

nearsightedness in, 87

norms for walking in, 159

schooling in, 393

special education in, 371

use of left hand in, 247–248

African Americans

age of start of puberty, 451, 455, 457

AP test scores, 500

arrests during adolescence, 530

asthma cases, 355

autism among, 367

diet of, 354

education and, 497, 550

height of children, 242

lactose intolerance, 243

low birth weight newborns, 124

norms for walking, 159

parentification of children, 415

parenting style, 326

population of, 31

school drop-out rates, 498

self-esteem of teens in, 526

sexual activity among adolescents, 467

sickle-cell anemia incidence, 92

single-parent families, 426

stereotype threat, 550

study of 5-HTTLPR gene, 515–516

teen suicides, 529

treatment of ADHD, 364

Age

drug use differences, 532

first births and, 125p

language learning modality dependent on, 198

low birth weight newborns related to mother’s, 124

nearsightedness affected by, 86

risky behavior related to, 545–546

selective perception of affordances influenced by, 181

of start of puberty, 450–456

Age of viability, 103, 106, 132

Age-related dangers, 262–264

Aggression, 335–336, 336t, 341, 491

Aggressive-rejected children, 431, 432

Agreeableness, 212

Air pollution, 256–257, 274

Alabama, 119

Alaska Natives, 319

Alcohol use and alcoholism

during adolescence, 522, 532–533, 533f, 535, 539

effects on fetus, 112p

in emerging adulthood, 547

gay youth and, 523

low birth weight newborns caused by, 125

nurture and nature’s influence on, 85–86, 86p, 96

percent of U.S. women drinking, 119f

as teratogen, 114–115, 117t

use during pregnancy as a crime, 119

Algeria, 232, 232t

All Joy and No Fun (Senior), 229

Alleles

additive heredity and, 81–82

defined, 68

dominant-recessive heredity, 82–83

homozygous and heterozygous, 70–71

polymorphic genes, 72–73

variations in, 96

Allergies

as cause of asthma, 355

changes in adolescence, 457

in middle childhood, 351

in young children, 243–244

Allocare, 229–230, 235. See also Infant day care

Allostatic load, 544–545

Allostasis, 544, 545

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), 120

Alzheimer’s disease, 91

Ambiguous genitals, 71, 71p

Ambivalent attachment (Type C), 216

Americans. See African Americans;
Asian Americans; European
Americans; Hispanic
Americans; United States

Amino acids, 68

Amniocentesis, 75

Amphetamines, 533f

Amygdala

connections to hypothalamus, 356

effect of puberty hormones, 462

functions of, 246, 251, 254

stress and fear affecting development of, 209

Anal personality, 225

Anal stage of infant development, 40–41, 41t, 224–225, 230, 235

Analytical thought, 479p, 482, 482p, 483, 483f, 488, 489, 506, 548–549

Ancephaly, 115

Androgens, 447, 452

Androgyny, 332

Anemia, 458

Angelman syndrome, 84–85, 84p

Anger

during adolescence, 526, 539

control of in early childhood, 312

development of in infancy, 204, 206, 207, 208, 235

regulation of in Iran, 315

SI-2

Angular gyrus, 146

Animism, 278, 280, 281, 308

Anorexia nervosa, 460, 460p, 495, 545

A-not-B error, 175

Anoxia, 121, 132

Anticipation, 172

Antipathy, 334–336, 341

Antisocial behavior

in adolescence, 448

in early childhood, 334–335, 335p, 342

as learned behavior, 336

teratogens causing, 112

Antisocial personality traits, 211–212

Anxiety, 523

Anxiety disorders

abnormalities in HPA axis causing, 446

AP (Advanced Placement) test, 500, 506

Apgar, Dr. Virginia, 107–108

Apgar scale, 107, 111, 132

Apgar score, 107, 107t, 126p

Apprentices, 52–54

Apprenticeship in thinking, 52–54

Aptitude tests, 358–359, 360, 361

Arms, 102, 106

ART (assisted reproductive technology). See Assisted reproductive technology (ART)

Artificial insemination, 78

Artistic expression, 260–261, 261p, 299

Arts education, 394f

Asia

adolescent smoking in, 533

asthma cases, 355

bilingual children, 295

co-sleeping in, 140

educational emphasis in, 391

height of children, 242

international test scores, 395

language acquisition in, 191

malnutrition in, 167, 168, 168t

nearsightedness of, 87

neural tube defects among, 115

response to alcohol, 86

special education, 371

synchrony, 214

use of left hand, 247–248

Asian Americans

age of start of puberty, 451

AP test scores, 500

autism among, 367

childhood obesity, 353

population of, 31

self-esteem of teens in, 526

teen suicides, 529

Asperger syndrome, 367

Aspirin, 118

Assimilation, 48, 48f, 173, 180

Assisted reproduction, 77–79, 96

Assisted reproductive technology (ART), 78–79, 96, 124

Associative play, 320

Asthma, 257, 354–356, 355f, 355p, 457

at about this time

emerging adulthood, 543t

emotional development, 204t

fine motor skills, 159t

gross motor skills, 156t

language development, 187t, 291t

math learning, 393t

psychosocial maturation of middle childhood, 410t

reading learning, 393t

stages of attachment, 215t

Attachment. See also Bonding

continuum of, 216f

defined, 215

development of, 216, 235

effect on emerging adults, 558

measurement of, 218–219, 218p

norms, 215

patterns of, 217t

predictors of type, 219, 219t

prevention of problems, 219–221

Romanian adoptees, 219–220, 224

signs of, 215, 217

stages of, 215t

as survival technique, 229

types of, 217–218

Attempted suicide, 528

Attention, 357, 359p, 361

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

causes of, 250, 251–252, 369

diagnosis and treatment of, 362–365

early detection of, 189

effects of, 49p, 363p

medication for, 364f

special education for, 370

symptoms of, 50

Attitudes, 19, 22, 34

Auditory communication, 105

Auditory cortex

development of, 146, 152–153

functions of, 246

proliferation and pruning in infancy, 151

specialization, 143

Australia

bilingual children in, 387

cohabitation in, 560

college graduates in, 551t

co-sleeping, 140

high-stakes testing in, 501–502

international test scores, 396

low birth weight newborns, 124t

paid maternal and paternity leave in, 232t

view of pride in, 412

Authoritarian parenting, 324, 333, 342, 390, 515

Authoritative parenting, 324, 333, 342, 515

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

causes of, 29p, 369

development of corpus callosum and, 247

development of theory of mind and, 288

early detection of, 189

genetic predisposition to, 92

immunizations associated with, 29–30, 164

lack of pruning of brain connections, 146

percent of children with, 370

research on, 370

symptoms of, 367–368, 367p, 369p

treatment of, 20p, 368

use of pragmatics affected by, 387

Automatic reading, 357

Automatization, 357–358, 360, 361

Autonomy

in early childhood, 41–42, 225, 230, 235, 312

striving for in adolescence, 514–515, 516

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt, 41–42, 41t, 225, 230, 235, 556t

Autosomes, 70–71

Avoidant attachment (Type A), 216

Axons, 143, 144, 144f, 246

Babbling, 187, 188–189, 192, 193

Babinski reflex, 127

Baby blues, 128

Baby Einstein, 195

Baby talk, 188

Baby transport, 226p

Backlash, 537

Back-sleeping, 163, 163p, 233

Bali, 160

Bandura, Albert, 45, 45p

Bangladesh, 124t

Bariatric surgery, 80

Baumrind’s styles of caregiving, 324–325, 333

Bed-sharing, 140–141, 163, 169

Beginning of pregnancy, defined, 100

Behavior problems, 364f, 497–498

Behavioral teratogens, 112, 114, 132

Behaviorism

application to infant psychosocial development, 225–226, 230, 231, 235

on breast-feeding, 63

conditioning, 42–46, 62, 64

contributions of, 61

criticism of, 55, 61

defined, 38

on gender identity in early childhood, 329–330

teacher-directed programs inspired by, 302, 309

theory of language learning, 193–194, 200

on toilet training, 51

Belgium, 232t, 396, 477

Belief systems, 11–12

Belonging, 55–57, 558–561

Beng people, 160

Bickering, 514–515

Bicycle accidents, 477

Big Five traits, 212

Bike riding, 53

Bilingual children, 295f, 296p, 384, 387f, 400p

Bilingual learning

in early childhood, 309, 358

listening and responding, 187–188, 192

in middle childhood, 387–388, 391

national differences, 400

sensitive period, 297

substitution of words between languages, 293

Bilingual schooling, 388

Binge eating disorder, 461

Binge-purge syndrome, 460–461

Binocular vision, 154, 160

Bioecological theory, 19, 34

Biological sequence of puberty, 447

Biopsychosocial development, 8

Biorhythms, 447–450

Biosocial development

academic disciplines of, 7–8

in adolescence, 445–471

defined, 7f, 34

in early childhood, 241–273, 343

effects of genes and nurture, 137

in emerging adulthood, 544–548, 544p, 563

in infancy, 137–168, 237

in middle childhood, 347–373, 441

nature-nurture interaction, 137

puberty, 445–456

Bird brains, 147

Birth

changes over time, 99–100, 111

complications during, 121, 132

c-sections, 108t, 110p

first minutes of life, 107–108, 111

low birth weight causes and consequences, 122–125, 132

medical assistance, 108–111, 111p, 132

positions for, 106, 106p

process of, 107f, 132

teratogens, 112–122

vulnerability during, 101, 101t

Birth weight. See also Low birth weight (LBW)

of boys and girls, 138f

cause and consequences of low birth weight, 122–125, 132

childhood obesity related to, 354

risk for SIDS, 163

in various nations, 124t

Birthing centers, 110, 111, 132

Birthing classes, 120

Bisphenol A (BPA), 118, 257, 452

Biting, 158

Blastocyst, 74, 75, 101

Blindness, 151, 175

BMI (body mass index), 242, 351, 460

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, 359

Body changes

in adolescence, 445–446, 457, 465–466

in early childhood, 241–245, 242p, 255, 255p, 274, 343

in emerging adulthood, 544–545, 563

SI-3

in infancy, 138–142, 169

during middle childhood, 348–349

Body fat, 450–452, 456

Body image, 454, 459–461, 459p

Body mass index (BMI), 242, 351, 460

Body rhythms, 447–450

Body size

adolescence growth spurt, 456–461, 472

effects of maltreatment in childhood, 270

growth in early childhood, 241–242, 245, 255p

growth in first two years, 138, 139p, 142f

growth in middle childhood, 348

Bolivia, 124t

Bonding, 130–131, 131p, 132, 144f, 229. See also Attachment

Book reading, 297

Bottom-up reasoning, 480, 483

Brain. See also specific part of the brain

in adolescence, 472

of birds, 147

changes with college, 549p

changes with music, athletics, math learning, 372

communication within, 143

connection of hemispheres, 247, 248

dual processing and, 487–489

effect of exercise on, 349

effects of maltreatment in childhood, 270

grammar acquisition and, 294

harm to infants’ brains, 148–151

language acquisition and, 295–296

lead’s effect on, 257–259, 258p

left and right side functions, 248

malnutrition and, 167

myelination of, 246–247, 247p, 248, 254, 313–314, 462

parts and functions of, 246f

plasticity, 359

pruning, 104, 142, 145, 146, 151, 208

shaken baby syndrome, 149–150

stimulation’s effect on, 149

Brain development

ability to develop theories associated with, 289–290

in adolescence, 462–465, 462f

attachment’s effect on, 219–220

automatization development, 357–358

development of connections within, 142–143, 151

in early childhood, 245–253, 254, 274, 343

effects of nature and nurture, 144, 208–209

in emerging adulthood, 548–549

emotional development and, 207–210, 213, 250–253, 313–314

experience-related growth, 186, 360

in infancy, 142–148, 144f, 169, 207–208, 213

as lifelong process, 360

maturation of prefrontal cortex, 248–249

in middle childhood, 356–361, 374

in prenatal period, 103, 104, 105, 105f, 106, 132

reaction time decreasing, 357

selective attention development, 357

social deprivation’s effect on, 150–151

specialization, 143

stress’s effect on, 149, 209

teratogens’ effect on, 112, 113, 132

Brain scans, 360

Brain stem, 142, 143

Brazelton, Barry, 50

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), 127, 155, 221

Brazil

breastfeeding statistics, 63

childhood play in, 254

c-sections in, 108

low birth weight newborns, 124t

overeating in, 242

paid maternal and paternity leave in, 232t

Breadwinners, 513

Breast development, 445–446, 451, 465, 466

Breast-feeding

benefits of, 164, 165–167, 165p, 166f, 166t, 169

at birth, 107

cessation of, 227

childhood obesity and, 353

co-sleeping and, 141

c-sections’ effect on, 109

diversity of attitudes, 63

infant’s response to, 158

Breathing reflex, 127

Broca’s area, 146

Bronfenbrenner, Urie, 34

Bulgaria, 232, 232t

Bulimia nervosa, 460–461

Bullying aggression

in adolescence, 491, 497, 499

delinquency and, 531

drug use and, 532

in early childhood, 336

in middle childhood, 431–433, 434, 437–438, 439

Bully-victims, 431p, 432

Caffeine, 117t

Calcium, 458

Cambodia, 108

Cameroon, 226, 232, 232t, 319

Canada

cigarette advertising in, 533

cohabitation in, 560

college graduates in, 551t

co-sleeping, 140

c-sections in, 108

discipline of children in, 337

education in, 305, 394

infant mortality rate, 161

international test scores, 396, 502

language shift in, 296

low birth weight newborns, 124t

official languages of, 295

paid maternal and paternity leave in, 232t

single-parent families, 419f

Cancer, 545t

Cardiovascular system, 457

Caregivers. See also Parent-child relationships; Parents

early-childhood challenges for, 324–332, 342, 343

parenting styles, 324–327, 333

Caribbean, 168, 168t

Caribbean Americans, 326

Carrier, 82–83

Case to study

Mickey Mantle, 88

adrenaline junkie, 547

Bethany and Rachel Berger- psychosocial development, 329

defined, 24–25

how hard is it to be a kid? 426

James, the high achieving dropout, 498

Lynda is getting worse (ADHD), 365

my baby swallowed poison, 263

plasticity and David, 21

scientist at work (SIDS), 162–163

stones in the belly (preschool cognition), 281

sudden infant death syndrome, 162–163

two immigrants (educational achievement), 398

“what were you thinking?” (adolescent risk taking), 463

Causation, 28–29, 33

Cell division, 74, 74p, 96

Cell phones, 489, 493, 521

Cells

differentiation, 74, 79, 96

division of, 74

functioning of, 68

protein production in, 69

Center-based infant care, 231–233

Central Europe, 167, 168, 168t

Central nervous system

development during infancy, 142–143

prenatal development of, 102, 103, 106

Centration, 278, 279, 308

Cephalo-caudal development, 102, 156

Cerebellum, 246

Cerebral cortex, 246

Cerebral palsy, 121

Cesarean section (c-section), 108–109, 108f, 109p, 132

Chad, 108, 124t

Challenges for caregivers, 342

Charter schools, 401–402, 405, 406

Chewing, 158

Chicken pox, 116t, 164

Child abuse. See also Child neglect; Maltreatment of children

accuracy of data, 268–269

consequences of, 269–270

defined, 266

effect on attachment to infants, 221

effect on brain development, 209, 213

effect on the brain, 235

frequency of, 268

prevention of, 270–273

in United States, 266–267, 273

warning signs, 269

Child culture, 429, 429p, 433, 434, 436–437, 439

Child neglect

accuracy of data, 268–269

consequences of, 269–270

defined, 266

frequency of, 268

prevention of, 270–273

in United States, 266–267, 273

warning signs, 269

Child sexual abuse, 469

Child-centered preschool programs, 299–301, 302, 306, 307, 309

Child-directed speech, 188, 190, 193

Child-directed videos, 195, 322–323

Childhood, 8–9. See also Early
childhood (two to six); Infancy
(first two years); Middle
childhood (six to eleven)

Childhood obesity

in adolescence, 459p

in early childhood, 242–243, 242p, 245, 274

early warning signs, 138

increase in adolescence, 459

leptin’s role in, 452–453

in middle childhood, 351–354, 352f, 353f, 354p, 356, 374

start of puberty influenced by, 450, 451, 452

survival techniques associated with, 154

Childhood overweight, 351–354

Child-Parent Centers, 304

Children’s theories

theory of mind, 287–290, 293, 308. See also Theory of mind

theory-theory, 286–287, 290, 308

Children’s values, 436–438

Chile, 124t, 161, 232, 232t, 516

China

artistic expression in, 261

center-based infant care in, 231

colleges in, 554–555

co-sleeping, 140

c-sections in, 108–109

education in, 302, 392, 496

high-stakes testing in, 501

international test scores, 502

Internet use in, 492

SI-4

language shift in, 296

low birth weight newborns, 124t

math learning, 285

norms for walking in, 159

“one-child” policy, 72

play in, 319

popularity of shy children, 430

regulation of pride in, 315

self-esteem of teens in, 526

sexual activity among adolescents, 467

SIDS incidents, 162–163

teen births in, 468

treatment of ADHD in, 364

twinning in, 77

view of pride in, 412

Chinese Americans, 283, 326, 457

Chinese language, 191

Chinese Taipei, 396

Chlamydia, 116t, 470

Chlorpyrifos, 117–118

Choice overload, 560

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), 75

Chromosomal abnormalities, 89–91, 95, 96

Chromosome 15, 84

Chromosomes. See also DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); Genes; Sex chromosomes

defined, 68, 69

duplication of, 74, 79

at fertilization, 70

number in humans, 68, 71f, 72

sex determination, 71p

structure of, 69f, 70p

Chronosystem, 18f, 19–20, 99, 511

Circadian rhythm, 448, 456, 458

Circular reactions, 172–179, 172t, 173f, 200

Citizenship, 392, 434p

Clapping, 172

Classic secure attachment, 215

Classical conditioning, 43–44, 45, 45t, 46, 64

Classification, 378

Cleaning compounds, 116t

Clinical depression, 526–527

Cluster suicide, 529

Cocaine, 117t, 532, 533f

Cochlear implant, 151, 187

Cockroaches, 478p

Code-focused teaching, 297

Code-switching, 293

Cognition

college’s effect on, 551–556

in infancy, 153, 173, 180

measuring practical cognition, 503–505

stereotype threat disrupting, 550

technology’s effect on, 490–491

Cognitive coping, 415–416

Cognitive development

academic disciplines of, 7, 8

in adolescence, 475–505

brain and context, 289–290

children’s theories, 286–288. See also Theory of mind; Theory-theory

defined, 7f, 34

in early childhood, 277–307, 343

early-childhood schooling, 298–307

in emerging adulthood, 548–556, 563

in infancy, 171–199, 175p, 176p, 177p, 237

language acquisition, 290–297

in middle childhood, 377p, 441

sexual abuse impairing, 470

thinking, 277–286

Cognitive disequilibrium, 48, 48f

Cognitive equilibrium, 48, 48f

Cognitive revolution (1980), 46–47

Cognitive theory

application to adolescence, 482–489

application to infant psychosocial development, 226–227, 230, 235

application to middle childhood, 396–397, 406

on breast-feeding, 63

concepts of, 38, 46–50, 62, 64

contributions of, 61

criticism of, 61

on gender identity in early childhood, 330, 342

in middle childhood, 377–405

stages of cognitive development, 172–180

on toilet training, 51

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, 227

Cohabitation, 560–561, 561f, 561p, 563

Cohort

artistic expression influenced by, 261

body weight affected by, 353

co-sleeping and, 140

defined, 19

drug use variations, 533

effect on early-maturing boys, 455

effects of college on cognition affected by, 552–554

influence on attitudes and habits, 22, 34

language shift influenced by, 296

personality traits affected by, 558

play influenced by, 319–320

sexual activity influenced by, 467, 523

Cohort-sequential research, 25, 27p, 28

Colic, 6–7, 204

College entrance, 502–503

College students

diversity of, 555, 555p, 563

drug abuse among, 547, 548

effects of college on cognition, 551–556

graduation rates, 551t

motivations for enrollment, 554–555, 554f

self-esteem of, 558

thought processes of, 549

use of social media, 560

College-bound students, 500–503

Color blindness, 83, 83t

Colostrum, 107, 165

Columbia, 225, 396

Commitments in relativism development, 553t

Common Core standards (2010), 399, 399p, 400, 400t, 405, 406, 500, 501

Communication, 515–516

Communication milestones, 192

Communion, 558

Comorbidity, 363

Comparison group, 24

Complications during birth, 121, 132

Computers, 490–493. See also Internet; Technology

Conception, 68, 68p, 71, 96, 101, 101f

Concrete operational stage, 47–48, 49t, 377–379, 377f, 378f, 385, 436

Concrete situations, 378

Conditioning, 42–46, 64

Condom use, 468, 471, 471f

Conflict within the home, 427–428, 428p, 514–515

Conjoined twins, 75

Connectedness, 515–516

Conscientiousness, 212, 391

Conservation, 279–281, 279p, 280f, 378

Contact-maintaining, 215, 217, 224, 229

Contentment, 204, 207, 235

Continuum of attachment, 216, 216f

Contraception, 468, 531, 545

Control, 516, 518

Control group, 24

Control processes, 384–385, 391, 406

Conventional behavior, 333

Conventional moral reasoning, 434–435

Convergent thinkers, 372

Cooperative play, 320

Copy number variations, 83–84

Corporal punishment, 223f, 337–339, 341, 342

Corpus callosum

functions of, 246, 254, 356

myelination of, 247, 254, 259

Correlation, 28–29, 29t, 33, 34

Cortex

development of, 144

emotional development and maturity of, 207–208

functions of, 143, 152

myelination of, 462

Cortisol

daily hassles producing, 414

effect on infant brain, 204–205, 213

effect on the brain, 251–253

levels associated with SES, 415

levels in adolescents, 447

onset of puberty and, 454

Co-sleeper, 141

Co-sleeping, 140–141, 141p, 169

Costa Rica, 108

Cost-benefit analysis, 22, 22t

Cot death, 162–163

Couvade, 129

Crawling, 156–157, 159, 163

Creativity, 314, 465

Creeping, 157

Crib death, 162–163

Crime, 530–532, 530p

Critical periods. See also Sensitive periods

defined, 16–17, 22, 34

for language learning, 291–292

for teratogens, 113, 114

Croatia, 123, 232, 232t

Cross-fostering, 130

Cross-modal perception, 159, 210

Cross-sectional research, 25, 25f, 26, 28, 34

Cross-sequential research, 25, 25f, 27, 28, 34

Crying

in early childhood, 248, 313

in infancy, 155, 204, 207, 209p, 225p, 227, 227p, 228

as reflex in newborns, 127

as response to hunger, 180

response to infants’ cry, 50, 149–150

of toddlers, 206

C-sections, 108–109, 132

Cuba, 123, 124t

Cultural attachment, 215

Cultural patterns, 52

Cultural sponge, 208

Cultural values, 1

Culture. See also Social context

acceptable foods related to, 221p

alcohol consumption and, 532

artistic expression influenced by, 261

caregiving styles and, 324p

childhood obesity and, 353–354

of children, 429

co-sleeping and, 140

defined, 11

developmental variations related to, 11p, 159–160, 250p, 379p

difference-equals-deficit error, 11–12, 34

emotional development influenced by, 205–206, 207, 211, 230

emotional regulation influenced by, 315

encoding in brain, 208

family function influenced by, 427, 516, 517

fine motor skills influenced by, 158

gender identity influenced by, 330–331

gross motor development influenced by, 157, 256

impact on phenotype, 85–88, 96

impact on sexual activity, 467

injury prevention and, 264–266

internalizing and externalizing behavioral differences, 316

international test scores and, 395–396

SI-5

IQ and aptitude tests influenced by, 360

language acquisition influenced by, 190–191, 193

language shift influenced by, 296

learning influenced by, 281–286, 379–381, 381f, 382p, 383, 385

maltreatment of children defined by, 269–270

morality defined by, 333

onset of puberty and, 455

parenting style influences by, 326–327

personality affected by, 226

play influenced by, 319–320, 322

romantic relationships affected by, 522

selective perception of affordances influenced by, 181–182

self-esteem affected by, 411–413

sex selection and, 73

sexual activity influenced by, 523

SIDS related to, 162–163

sleep pattern differences, 139, 142

as social construct, 11, 34

views of day care, 230–233, 234

Cumulative stress, 414–415

Curiosity, 204, 207

Current opportunities, 384

Cutting, 495

CVS (chorionic villus sampling), 75

Cyber danger, 493–495

Cyberbullying, 431, 491, 493, 493p, 495

Cystic fibrosis, 91, 95p

Czech Republic, 551t

Daily hassles, 414–415, 439

Darwin, Charles, 57–60

Data, 22, 22t

Dating violence, 488–489

Day care

day care during, 235

for early childhood, 298, 422p

for infants, 230–234, 231p, 235

quality of, 231t

Deafness

development of theory of mind and, 288

language acquisition, 187

preference for sign language, 197

Death. See also Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

due to injuries, 261–262, 274

due to obesity, 352

during emerging adulthood, 546

of pedestrians, 265f

top three causes, 545t

of young children, 261, 265

Deductive reasoning, 480, 480f, 481, 483, 483f

Deferred imitation, 177, 180, 200

Defiance, 315, 529–532, 529p, 539

Delay of gratification, 313–314

Delinquency, 529–532, 529p, 530p, 539

Delivery. See Birth

Dementia, 356

Dendrites

changes with remembered experiences, 186

formation of, 146, 207

proliferation during early childhood, 246

structure and function of, 143, 144, 144f

Denmark, 124t, 298, 396

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 68, 69, 70. See also Chromosomes; Genes

Dependent variable, 24

Depression

abnormalities in HPA axis causing, 446

during adolescence, 526, 526–529, 527p, 539

causes of, 6, 92, 205, 251–252, 454, 518

communication between parent and child’s effect on, 516

drug use and, 532, 535

effect of fathers’ on mothers and infants, 223

effect of mother’s on infants, 214–215

effect on fetus, 6, 6p

gay youth and, 523

onset of puberty and, 455

as result of cyberbullying, 493

sex differences, 447

sexual abuse related to, 495

Depth perception, 154, 160, 182, 182p

Development. See also Biosocial
development; Cognitive
development; Psychosocial
development

domains of, 7–8, 7f, 34

factors affecting, 1

scope of study, 99

Developmental crisis, 41–42

Developmental delays, 370

Developmental growth patterns, 16

Developmental level, 181

Developmental psychopathology. See also
Attention deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD);
Autism spectrum disorder
(ASD)

diagnosis and treatment of, 361–362, 363–364

dyscalculia, 366

dysgraphia, 366

dyslexia, 366

principles of, 361, 362

special needs in middle childhood, 361–362

specific learning disorder, 365–366, 369

Developmental schools, 299–301

Developmental theory, 38

Deviancy training, 521

DHA, 118

Diabetes, 15, 69, 80

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM?5), 362

Dialectical behavior therapy, 528

Diet drugs, 534

Difference-equals-deficit error

about infant day care, 231

about left-handedness, 247

about sexual orientation, 10–11

about socioeconomic status, 14

balanced perspective, 14–15

culture, ethnicity, and race and, 11–13, 34

defined, 9–10

sexual orientation and, 34

Differential susceptibility

defined, 6–7, 34

depression and, 526–527

fetal alcohol disorders and, 115

onset of puberty and, 453, 454

parenting style and, 325

responses to stress, 413, 417

temperament and, 212

Differentiation, 74–75, 79, 96, 101

Difficult babies, 210–212

Digestive system, 103

Digital divide, 489

Digital natives, 489–493, 506

Dioxin, 116t

Disability, 361

Discipline

corporal punishment, 337–339, 341, 342

importance of, 311

psychological control, 339–340

psychosocial control, 342

time-out and induction, 340, 342

Discoveries, 38

Diseases. See also specific disease

copy number variations causing, 83–84

dominant-gene disorders, 91, 95, 96

of early adulthood, 544, 546

genetic disorders, 75, 90, 96, 348

malnutrition causing, 167, 169

in middle childhood, 348

recessive-gene disorders, 91–92, 95, 96

Rett syndrome, 367–368

spread of, 546

top three causes of death, 545t

trisomy disorders, 89–91

X-linked, 83

Disequilibrium, 48f

Disgust, 206

Disorganized attachment (Type D), 216, 217, 217t, 235

Disruptive mood dysregulation, 363

Distal parenting, 226

Distress, 204, 207, 235

Divergent thinkers, 372

Diversity, 59, 70, 555, 555p, 563

Divorce, 419, 420, 420t, 421, 427, 561

Dizygotic (DZ) twins, 76, 76f, 77, 79, 81, 81p, 96

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 68, 69, 70

Domains of human development, 7f

Dominant genes, 82–83

Dominant-gene disorders, 91, 95, 96

Dominant-recessive heredity, 82–83, 96

Dominant-recessive pattern, 82f

Doubt, 41–42, 41t

Doula, 110p, 111

Down syndrome, 89–91, 90p, 95, 96, 120, 120p

Drama, 321–323

Dreaming, 139–140

Drop-out rates, 501f, 504–505, 506, 535, 536f

Drug laws, 531, 535

Drug use and abuse

ADHD caused by, 363

during adolescence, 449, 532–538, 533f, 533p, 538p, 539

defined, 547, 548

effect on birth weight, 122

in emerging adulthood, 547–548, 548f

epigenetic effects of, 80

gay youth and, 523

harm from, 534–535

low birth weight newborns, 125

off-time puberty and, 455, 456

prevention of, 535, 537–538, 539

sexual abuse related to, 469

signs of, 535

variations by age, 532

variations by place, generation, and gender, 532–534

Dualism modified thinking, 553t

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 91

Due date, 100

Duplication, 74, 79

Dynamic perception, 182–183

Dynamic sensory-motor systems, 158–159, 172–179

Dynamic-systems approach

to childhood obesity, 354

on concepts of male and female behavior, 327, 328

defined, 18p, 19, 20–21, 22, 34

risk analysis for teratogen exposure, 113

view of effects of past history/current context, 413

Dyscalculia, 366, 370

Dysgraphia, 366

Dyslexia, 189, 366, 366p, 370

Early childhood (2 to 6)

accuracy of testimony, 289

acquisition of skills, 239

anal stage of social development, 40–41, 41t, 224–225, 230

artistic expression during, 260–261

autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage, 41–42, 41t, 225, 230

biosocial development, 241–273

body changes, 245

brain and context, 289–290

brain development, 245–253

challenges for caregivers, 324–332

children’s theories, 286–288. See also Theory of mind; Theory-theory

cognitive development, 277–307

SI-6

concrete operational stage of development, 47–48, 49

conservation and logic in, 279–281

growth patterns, 241–242

initiative vs. guilt stage, 41–42, 41t

language acquisition, 290–297

maltreatment during, 266–273

motor skill development, 254–261, 255p, 256p, 260p

nutrition, 242–244

oral health, 244

phallic stage of social development, 40–41, 41t

play, 317–323, 319p, 321p, 322p

preoperational intelligence, 47–48, 49, 277–281

psychosocial development, 311–341

schooling, 298–307, 309

social context affecting cognition during, 281–286

speed of thought in, 246–247

thinking during, 277–286

Ears, 102, 132

East Asia

ADHD in, 363

international test scores, 395, 405

malnutrition in, 167, 168, 168t

East Europe, 168, 168t

Easy babies, 210–212

Eating disorders

abnormalities in HPA axis causing, 446

in adolescence, 472

anorexia nervosa, 460

binge eating disorder, 461

bulimia nervosa, 460–461

sexual abuse related to, 469

Eating habits, 53–54

E-cigarettes, 533, 534

Eclectic perspective, 61–62

Ecological model, 18, 18f

Ecological-systems approach

defined, 17, 34

historical change, 19–20

systems within systems, 17–19

Education. See also Schools

during adolescence, 496–505

cigarette smoking related to, 496

Common Core standards, 399, 400, 405, 406, 500, 501

computer use and, 490, 492–493, 495

differences in curriculum, 392–395

drop-out rates, 498, 501f, 504–505, 535, 536f

in early childhood, 298–307, 309, 343

effects of college, 551–556

employment and, 512–513, 513f

ethnic diversity in schools, 403, 405

fine motor skills required for school, 260

forms of discipline affecting, 338, 340

graduation rates, 502f

graduation rates in U.S., 536f

hidden curriculum, 394–395

in high school, 500–505

income related to, 551, 552f, 555, 563

intellectual stimulation related to, 379–380

international contexts, 380–381, 392

international tests, 395–397, 405, 406, 501–504

long-term gains from intensive programs, 304–305

maternal education, 389f

in middle childhood, 404, 404f

in middle schools, 497–500

No Child Left Behind Act, 399, 405, 406, 412

nutrition and, 459

preparation for, 303–304

schedule for high school students, 448p

second language learning, 400

sex education, 524–526

special education for special needs children, 369–373

success related to, 496

testing, 500p

timing of classes for adolescents, 448–450, 456

in the United States, 398–403

use of technology, 490–491, 495

Education of All Handicapped Children Act (1975), 369

EEG (electroencephalogram), 178, 178p

Effect size, 22, 22t

Effortful control, 211, 312, 391, 411–412, 432

Egocentrism

in early childhood, 278, 279, 281, 287, 290, 308

faith associated with, 486

risky behavior of adolescents and, 477, 481, 485, 520p

self-perception of adolescents and, 476–478, 498, 506

Egypt, 115, 124t

El Salvador, 392

ELBW (extremely low birth weight), 122, 132

Electra complex, 328

Electroencephalogram (EEG), 178p

E-mail, 521

Embarrassment, 206

Embodied cognition, 349

Embryo, 74, 102, 102p

Embryonic period

defined, 100, 132

development during, 102, 102p, 106

teratogen exposure, 113

vulnerability during, 101, 101t

Emerging adulthood (18 to 28), 543

biosocial development, 544–548, 544p, 563

cognitive development, 548–556, 563

countering of stereotypes, 549–550

defined, 543

effects of college on cognition, 551–556

fertility, 545

health during, 544–545

intimate relationships, 558–561

norms for, 543t

postformal thought, 548–549, 556

psychosocial development, 17p, 556–562, 563

relationships with parents, 561–562

risky behavior, 545–548

Emotional development

in adolescence, 462

brain’s role in, 207–210, 250–253

in early childhood, 248, 254, 311–317, 316p, 317p, 342, 343

emotional regulation, 250–253, 311–312, 315, 316–317

in infancy, 204–207, 235

initiative versus guilt, 312–314

motivation, 314–315

norms, 204t

Emotional disturbance, 370

Emotional expression, 250–253

Emotional regulation

bullying and, 432

as control process, 384

cultural influences on, 315

development during early childhood, 250–253, 253p, 311, 315p, 317

direction needed in early childhood, 336

educational achievement of children related to, 391

externalizing and internalizing problems, 316–317

Emotions

in adolescence, 484–485

of survival, 228–229

Empathy, 38p, 334–336, 341, 434, 436p

Empirical evidence, 4, 34, 39

Employment, 17p, 512–513, 513f, 557

England. See also United Kingdom

cohabitation in, 560

early childhood education in, 305

efforts to halt bullying in, 433

international test scores, 396

nearsightedness in, 87

neural tube defects in, 115

paid maternal and paternity leave in, 232

World War II’s effect on children, 414–415

English as a second language (ESL), 388

English language, 191

English language learners (ELL), 388

Entity theory of intelligence, 499

Environmental factors

child development impacted by, 416–418

influence on gross motor development, 256–257

influence on phenotype, 79–85, 96

puberty affected by, 452

Epigenetics

body development controlled by, 241

brain development controlled by, 144, 241

defined, 69, 73, 96

diversity within species and, 70

phenotype affected by, 80–85, 96

social activity affected by, 59–60

Equifinality, 362, 368

Erikson, Erik

identity vs. role confusion, 509–511, 514, 539, 556–557

industry vs. inferiority, 410, 416, 439

initiative vs. guilt, 312–314, 312p, 317

intimacy vs. isolation, 558–559

photograph of, 42p

stages of development, 41–42, 41t, 46, 50, 64, 556t

trust vs. mistrust, 225, 230, 235

ERPs (event-related potentials), 178, 178p, 179

Esteem, 55–57

Estonia, 502

Estradiol, 447

Estrogens, 447, 452

Ethical behavior, 333

Ethical development, 553t

Ethics, code of, 30, 32, 33, 34

Ethiopia, 124t

Ethnic diversity, 403, 405

Ethnic group, 12

Ethnic identity, 512, 520

Ethnicity

effect on onset of puberty, 455, 457

population by, 31

sexual activity among adolescents influenced by, 467

as social construct, 11, 12, 34. See also specific ethnic group

Eugenics, 32

Euphoria, 128

Europe

alcohol consumption in, 532

baby’s sleep location, 140

bilingual children in, 295

characteristics encouraged in, 312

cohabitation in, 560

discipline of children in, 337, 338

international test scores, 395

low birth weight newborns, 123

malnutrition in, 167, 168, 168t

sex education in, 525

SIDS cases in, 162–163

European Americans

age of start of puberty, 451, 455, 457

arrests during adolescence, 530

asthma cases, 355

autism among, 367

cystic fibrosis incidence, 92

height of children, 242

norms for walking, 159

parentification of children, 415

SI-7

parenting style, 326

population of, 31

self-esteem of teens in, 526

sexual activity among adolescents, 467

teen suicides, 529

treatment of ADHD, 364

twinning among, 77

Eveningness, 448

Event-related potentials (ERPs), 178, 178p, 179

Evolutionary theory

application to infant psychosocial development, 228–230, 235

on breast-feeding, 63

concepts of, 38, 57–60, 64

on eating habits, 154

on gender identity in early childhood, 331, 342

of language learning, 196–197, 200

on marriage, 60–61

on moral development, 333

on onset of puberty, 453–454

E-waste, 257

Excretory system, 103

Executive function, 289–290, 384, 385, 391

Executive processes, 384

Exercise. See Physical activity

Exosystems, 18, 18f, 264

Expectations, 390, 396

Experience-dependent brain function

cognitive development, 146–149, 150, 151

in early childhood, 241

play as, 319

Experience-expectant brain function

cognitive development, 146–149, 150, 151

in early childhood, 241

language acquisition, 188, 197

play as, 319

Experiences

effect on the brain, 143, 146–149, 207, 360

facilitating increases in knowledge, 384

moral development initiated by, 334–336, 434

necessary and possible, 146–149

preception related to, 152

responses to, 413

selective perception of affordances influenced by, 181, 182

Experimental group, 24

Experiments

aims of, 28

defined, 23f

Institutional Review Board (IRB), 30, 32

integrity in, 32–33

process of, 23–24, 34

protection of research participants, 32

Expressive language, 294

Extended family, 419, 420, 420t, 422, 427

Externalizing problems, 316–317, 340, 341, 432, 529

Extreme sports, 546–547, 563

Extremely low birth weight (ELBW), 122, 132

Extrinsic motivation, 314

Extroversion, 212

Exuberance, 145

Exuberant babies, 211

Eye color, 82

Eye-hand coordination, 158, 349p

Eyelashes, 103

Eyes, 102, 132

Fables of adolescence, 477

Face recognition, 147–148, 148p

Facebook, 478, 489, 493, 560

Facial hair, 446, 451, 457, 466

Facilitation of behavior, 521–522

Factor analysis, 22, 22t

Facts, 39, 64

Failed suicide, 528

Failure to thrive, 138

False positive, 120

False-belief tests, 288

Familism, 526

Family bonding, 130–131, 132, 229

Family function. See also Parent-child relationships

closeness within, 516–518

conflict within the home, 428, 428p, 514–515

cultural differences in, 316p

eating disorders and, 461

effect on children, 418–420

family pride, 10p

family structure connected to, 422–427, 428, 439

importance in emerging adulthood, 561–562, 563

in middle childhood, 416–428, 417p

protection against drug abuse, 532

as source of intellectual stimulation, 379–380

wealth and poverty troubles, 390p, 427–428

Family structure

adoptive families, 419, 420, 420t, 425

around the world, 290p, 423

delinquency and, 531

effect on children, 418–420, 428

extended family, 419, 425, 427

family function connected to, 422–427, 428, 439

nuclear family, 419, 422, 424, 426–427

polygamous family, 420

same-sex parents, 419, 420, 420t, 424p, 425

single-parent families, 419, 420t, 423, 423f, 425–427, 425p, 513

skipped-generation family, 425

step families, 421p

stepparent families, 419, 420, 420t, 424–425

Family-stress model, 427

Fast-mapping, 292–293, 297

Fathers

bonding, 130–131, 132

couvade, 129

effect of absence of, 27

effect on birth weight, 123

effect on children’s social and emotional development, 221–223

fetal development affected by, 1

needs of, 227

response to newborns, 127

role in birth, 100, 128–129, 128p, 129p, 132

role in child care, 203, 222p, 224, 230–231, 235, 513

role in pregnancy, 105

spanking, 223f

Fear

amygdala and, 251

control of in early childhood, 312, 313, 316

development of in infancy, 204, 205–206, 207, 208, 235

effect on the brain, 209, 213

regulation of in US, 315

in toddlerhood, 206

of unexpected sights and sounds, 204, 205

Female karyotype, 71

Fertility, 79, 545

Fertility rate, 161–162

Fertilization, 68p, 101, 101f

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 112p, 114

Fetal development, 1, 16–17, 102, 106

Fetal period

defined, 100, 132

development during, 102, 106

vulnerability during, 101, 101t

Fetus

defined, 102

development of, 74, 102–104, 103p

effect on family, 125, 127

effects of maternal depression, 6

effects of teratogens on, 112–118, 112p, 114f, 116t–117t, 132

harmful substances, 112–125

mother-child relationship, 104–106

File drawer problem, 32

Fine motor skills

development during infancy, 157–158, 160, 169

development in early childhood, 255p, 258–260, 260p, 261, 274

norms, 159t

Fingernails, 103

Finland

college graduates in, 551t

educational system in, 395–396, 403, 405

efforts to halt bullying in, 433

international test scores, 396, 502

low birth weight newborns, 124t

schooling in, 393

First acquired adaptations, 172, 173–174

First love, 522–523

First minutes of life, 106–108, 111

First sentences, 187

First trimester, 101–103

First words, 187, 189, 192

First-grade curriculum, 379

Fish, 118

Flipped class, 553

Flu, 112, 164

Flying storks, 110

Flynn effect, 359

FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 178, 178p, 179

FNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy), 178, 178p

Focus on appearance, 278, 279

Folic acid, 113, 115

Folk psychology, 287–288

Folk theories, 37–38

Food insecurity, 124–125

Foreclosure, 510, 539

Formal linguistic code, 387, 391

Formal operational stage, 47–48, 49t

Formal operational thought, 478–481, 478p, 500, 505, 506

Foster care, 272, 273

Foster families, 419

Fragile X syndrome, 91, 146

France

center-based infant care in, 231

cohabitation in, 560

condom use in, 471

early childhood education in, 298

international test scores, 396

paid maternal and paternity leave in, 232, 232t

single-parent families, 419f

sound preference of infants, 190

use of alcohol during pregnancy, 115

Fraternal twins. See Dizygotic (DZ) twins

French language, 191

Freud, Sigmund

on gender identity, 328–329

on infant psychosocial development, 224–225, 230, 235

on latency of middle childhood, 410–411, 416

photograph of, 40p, 44p

stages of development, 40–41, 40p, 41t, 42, 46, 50, 64

Friendships. See also Peer relationships

across ethnic lines, 13p

during adolescence, 519–522, 519p, 527p

drug use and, 535

in middle childhood, 430, 433

selection of, 521p

selection of friends, 521–522

Frontal cortex, 143

Frontal lobe development, 462–464

Fronto-striatal systems, 50

Frustration, 204

SI-8

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 178, 179

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), 178

Fusiform face area of brain, 148

Gambia, 168

Gamete, 68

Gangs, 521, 530

Gender, defined, 513

Gender differences

of adolescent drug use, 533

in depression rates, 526–527

in educational attainment, 397–398

in lawbreaking, 530–531

in motor development, 260, 261

in play, 321–322, 327–328

psychopathology, 447

risky behavior, 545–546

start of puberty, 450, 472

in teen suicides, 529

Gender dysphoria, 332, 513

Gender identity

development of in adolescence, 513

development of in early childhood, 327–328, 327p, 328p, 329p, 333, 342

theories on development of, 328–332

Gender identity disorder, 513

Gender intensification, 513

Gender roles, 225, 327–328

Gender schema, 330

Gender-similarities hypothesis, 397

Gene disorders, 91–92

Gene-gene interactions, 81–85

Generational forgetting, 537

Generational loyalty, 519

Generativity vs. stagnation, 556t

Genes. See also Chromosomes; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

additive heredity and, 81–82

alcoholism and, 85–86, 88

behavioral impact of, 67–68

biosocial growth affected by, 137

body weight affected by, 353

brain development affected by, 144

at conception, 96

control of temperament, 210, 211, 427

deactivation of X chromosome, 84

defined, 68

depression influenced by, 526

dominant-recessive heredity, 82–83

duplication of, 74, 79

emotional development affected by, 209

expressive language influenced by, 294

eyesight affected by, 87–88

gross motor development influenced by, 159

influence on teratogen effects, 115, 122, 132

number in humans, 68, 72, 81, 96

parenting style influences by, 326

personality and intellect influenced by, 417

race and, 13

risky behavior affected by, 515–516

selective adaptation, 58–59

senses affected by, 152

start of puberty influenced by, 450, 456

structure of, 70p

variations in, 69–70

Genetic code, 68–72, 96

Genetic counseling and testing, 92–95, 93p, 96

Genetic disorders. See also specific disorder

copy number variations causing, 83–84

deaths due to, 348

dominant-gene disorders, 91, 95, 96

early detection of, 75

recessive-gene disorders, 90t, 91–92, 95, 96

trisomy disorders, 89–91

types of, 93p, 96

Genetics. See Genes; Heredity

Genital herpes, 470

Genital stage, 40–41, 41t

Genome, 70, 73

Genotype, 70, 73, 79–85, 96

German measles, 116t

Germany

breastfeeding statistics, 63

international test scores, 396

low birth weight newborns, 124t

math learning, 285

paid maternal and paternity leave in, 232, 232t

sex selection in, 73

single-parent families, 419f

stranger wariness and separation anxiety in infants in, 206

Germinal period

defined, 100, 106, 132

implantation, 101, 101f

teratogen exposure, 113

vulnerability during, 101t

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, 93p

Gesturing, 188–189, 192

Ghana, 392, 420

Ghosts in the nursery, 141, 227

Gifted children, 371–373, 372p, 374

Glancing, 380

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), 447

Golden hour, 265

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 447

Gonads, 447

Gonorrhea, 116t, 470

Good behavior, 336–337

Goodness of fit, 212

Grabbing, 158, 169, 183p, 316p, 320p

Graduation rates, 502f

Grammar acquisition, 191, 200, 293–294

Grandmothers, 229p, 230, 232, 272

Grandparent with no parent, 419, 420, 420t, 425

Grandparents, 229, 230, 232, 272

Grasping reflex, 126, 126p, 158, 172

Gray matter maturation, 462

Great Britain. See England; United Kingdom

Greece, 226

Grimace response, 126, 126p

Grit, 391

Gross motor skills

development during infancy, 156–157, 157p, 158p, 160, 160p, 169

development in early childhood, 254–257, 256p, 261, 274

norms, 156t

Group identity, 313, 317

Growth patterns

in adolescence, 445–446, 450, 451, 452, 456–461, 461, 472

in early childhood, 241–242, 242p, 245

in infancy, 138–140, 169

in middle childhood, 348

nutrition and, 456–461

throughout life, 16f

Growth spurt, 456–457

Guatemala, 232t

Guided participation, 52–54, 379

Guilt

development in early childhood, 333, 412

Erikson’s view of, 41–42, 41t

as means of discipline, 339–340

protection from in early childhood, 312

Habits, 19, 22, 34

Habituation, 179, 180, 181

Hair, 103, 457, 466. See also Facial hair

Haiti, 124t

Hand skills, 158

Happiness, 464, 558, 561

Hard-to-classify babies, 210–212

Harm reduction, 263–264

Harm to fetus, 112–125, 132

Harmony, 418–419

Hawaiians, 31

Head circumference, 142, 169

Head Start, 303p, 309, 340

Head-sparing, 142

Health habits, 348, 351, 496, 545

Hearing

of fetus, 105, 105p

in infancy, 153, 160, 169

Hearing impairment

brain development and, 151

early detection of, 189

percent of children with, 370

Heart, 102, 132

Heart disease, 545t

Heartbeat of fetus, 103, 104, 105

Height

adolescence growth spurt, 456–461

growth in early childhood, 241

growth in first two years, 138, 142, 169

growth in middle childhood, 348

Helicopter parents, 562

Hemophilia, 91

Herbal medicines, 115

Herbicides, 116t

Herd immunity, 164, 168

Heredity. See also Chromosomes; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); Genes; Genetic disorders

alcoholism and, 85–86, 88

eyesight affected by, 87–88

impact on development, 1

Heredity-environment debate. See Nature-nurture debate

Heritability, 87

Heritage, 12

Heroin, 117t, 532

Heterozygous gene pairs, 71

Hiccups, 127

Hidden curriculum, 394–395, 394p, 395p

Hide-and-seek, 175–176

Hierarchy of needs, 55–57, 55f, 64, 227–228, 331

High school, 500–505, 500p, 506

Higher cognitive functions, 146

High/Scope, 304

High-stakes tests, 500–502, 504

Hippocampus

alcohol’s effect on, 535

functions of, 246, 251, 252f, 254

socioeconomic status related to development of, 389

stress and fear affecting development of, 209, 213

Hispanic Americans

age of start of puberty, 451, 457

autism among, 367

childhood obesity, 353, 459

peer relationships and, 520

population of, 31

sexual activity among adolescents, 467

treatment of ADHD, 364

Hispanic paradox, 123

Historical change, 20

HIV/AIDS

breastfeeding and, 165–166

genetic immunity to, 59, 92

prevention of, 471

risk to fetus, 116t

spread of, 546

Holland, 163, 477

Holophrase, 189, 191–192, 200

Home, 298–299. See also Family function; Family structure

Home birth, 110–111, 132

Home schooling, 53, 53p, 401, 402, 406

Homeostasis, 544, 545

Homicide, 548

Homosexuality. See LGBT teenagers; Same-sex marriage; Same-sex parents, 523–524, 539

SI-9

Homozygous gene pairs, 70

Hong Kong, 140, 396, 504

Hook-ups, 559

Hormonal feedback loop, 252f

Hormones. See also Androgens;
Cortisol; Estrogens;
Hypothalamus-pituitary-
adrenal (HPA) axis;
Hypothalamus-pituitary-
gonad (HPG) axis;
Oxytocin; Pituitary gland;
Testosterone

defined, 446

depression and, 526

during puberty, 445, 446–447, 456, 462, 472

sex hormones, 447

sexual maturation and, 467

Housewives, 513

HPA axis, 209, 252, 252f, 446, 447, 447f, 456, 470, 488

HPG axis, 447

Hubs of the brain, 356

Human development, 99. See also
Biosocial development;
Cognitive development;
Development; Psychosocial
development

Human genome, 96

Human Genome Project, 81

Human papillomavirus (HPV), 471

Humanism

application to infant psychosocial development, 227–228, 230, 235

concepts of, 38, 55–57, 61, 64

on gender identity in early childhood, 331, 342

Hunting accidents, 477p

Huntington disease, 91, 95

Hybrid theory of language learning, 197–199

Hygiene hypothesis, 355

Hyperactivity, 112, 258. See also Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Hypothalamus

connections to amygdala, 356

effects of cortisol on, 251–252, 253

functions of, 246, 251, 254, 448

sexual abuse and, 470

stress and fear affecting development of, 209

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)

link to prefrontal cortex, 488

role in puberty, 446, 447, 456

sexual abuse and, 470

structures and function of, 252, 252f

Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis (HPG), 447, 447f

Hypothesis, 4, 38

Hypothetical thought, 479–480, 481

IB (International Baccalaureate) test, 500

Iceland, 232, 232t, 419f, 551t

Identical twins. See Monozygotic (MZ) twins

Identification, 328

Identity

arenas of, 511–514

formation in adolescence, 509–514, 510p, 513p, 539

formation in emerging adulthood, 556–557, 563

Identity achievement, 510, 539, 556–557, 563

Identity crisis, 42p

Identity diffusion, 510

Identity foreclosure, 510, 539

Identity vs. role confusion, 41–42, 41t, 509–511, 510p, 539, 556–557, 556t

Imaginary audience, 477–478, 481, 493, 498, 506

Imaginary friends, 314

Imagination, 177, 180, 277

Immediate motivation, 181

Immersion teaching, 388

Immigrant paradox, 123

Immigrants

delinquency and, 531

diet of, 354

expectations for children’s education, 390

nutrition of, 242

peer relationships, 520

Immune system, 355

Immunizations

benefits of, 164–165, 164p, 168, 169, 348, 351

for human papillomavirus, 471

opposition to, 29–30, 29p, 30p

Impatience, 315

Implantation, 101, 101f, 106, 132

Impulse control

in early childhood, 249, 250, 254

injuries associated with lack of, 262

reaction time enabling, 357

Impulsivity, 249, 254, 488, 488f

in vitro fertilization (IVF), 72–73, 73p, 78–79, 96

Inclusion class, 369

Income, 551, 552f, 555, 563

Incremental theory of intelligence, 499

Independent variable, 24

India

acceptance of gays, 523

addiction to computer use in, 492

breastfeeding statistics, 63

couvade in, 129

c-sections in, 108

education in, 299, 496

family function in, 427

infant mortality rate, 161

injuries to children in, 262

low birth weight newborns, 123, 124t

official languages of, 295

sex selection in, 72

Individual education plan (IEP), 370, 374

Indonesia

adolescent smoking in, 534

co-sleeping, 140

international test scores, 396, 502

paid maternal and paternity leave in, 232, 232t

view of crawling in, 160

Induction, 340, 341, 342

Inductive reasoning, 480, 480f, 483, 483f

Indulgent parenting, 324

Industry vs. inferiority, 41–42, 41t, 410, 416, 439, 556t

Infancy (first two years). See also Toddlers

allocare, 229–230

biosocial development, 137–168, 237

body changes, 138–142, 169

brain development, 142–151, 169, 207–208, 213

cascade of learning during, 171–172

changes during, 135

cognitive development, 171–199, 175p, 176p, 177p, 237

colic in, 6–7

consistency in care, 233–234

co-sleeping, 140

day care during, 230–233, 234, 235

development of social bonds, 213–221

effects of stress, 209

emotional development, 204–207, 235

extensive medical treatment, 110–111

harm to brain, 149–151

immunizations, 164–165

information-processing theory, 180–186

language acquisition, 186–199, 187t, 192f, 194f

learning about others, 208–209

moral awareness during, 333

motor skills, 156–160, 156t, 157p, 159t, 160p, 169

oral stage of social development, 40–41, 40p, 41t, 224–225, 230

physical changes, 139p

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, 172–179, 175p, 176p, 177p

psychosocial development, 203–234, 235, 237

role of father, 203, 221–223, 224, 230–231, 235

senses, 152–155, 169

sensorimotor intelligence, 47–48, 49, 172–173

SIDS, 162–163

sleep patterns, 138–142, 139f

social referencing, 221

survival in good health, 161–168, 169

synesthesia, 209–210

temperament, 210–213

theories of infant psychosocial development, 224–230

trust vs. mistrust stage, 41–42, 41t, 225, 230

types of infants, 210–212

Infant amnesia, 184, 186, 200

Infant care seats, 263

Infant day care, 230–234, 231, 235

Infant mortality rates, 109–111, 124, 161, 161f, 162p, 165

Infanticide, 58

Infections. See also HIV/AIDS; Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

immunizations and, 164–165, 168, 169, 348, 351

risk to fetus, 116t

Inferiority, 41–42, 41t

Infertility, 78

Influenza, 116t

Informal linguistic code, 387, 391

Information-processing perspective

affordance in first two years, 181–183, 200

application to middle childhood, 381–382, 396–397, 406

concepts of, 48–49, 51, 64

on control processes, 384–385

infant cognitive development, 180–186, 180p, 200

on knowledge, 383–384

on language learning, 388, 389

on memory, 183–186, 200, 382–383

teacher-directed programs inspired by, 302

Informed consent, 32, 33

Inhalants, 532, 533p

Inhaled solvents, 117t

Initiative vs. guilt, 41–42, 41t, 312–314, 312p, 317, 556t

Injuries

age-related dangers, 262–263

avoidable injury, 262

control of, 263–264

in early childhood, 261–266, 274, 343

prevention of, 263, 264–266, 274

sports injuries, 457

Injury control, 263–264

Innate vulnerability, 115

Innovation, 314

Insecure attachment (Type A and C), 217–218, 219–220, 235, 271

Insecure-avoidant attachment (Type A), 217–218, 217t, 235

Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (Type C), 217, 217t, 218, 235

Instagram, 478, 560

Instinct to protect young, 58

Institutional Review Board (IRB), 30, 32, 34

Instrumental aggression, 335, 336

Instrumental conditioning, 44–45

Integrity, 32–33, 34

Integrity vs. despair, 556t

SI-10

Intellectual disability, 370

Intelligence (g), 358, 359–360

Interactionist perspective, 331–332

Interdependence, 558

Internalizing problems, 316–317, 341, 432, 529

International Baccalaureate test (IB), 500

International tests

gender differences in school performance, 397–398

national and state differences, 395–397, 396t, 405, 502–504, 506

problems with benchmarks, 397

Internet. See also Social media

adolescents’ use of, 490, 506

availability of, 489

cyber danger, 493–495, 495

dangers of, 493p, 494p, 506

reduction of isolation, 490, 492, 495, 521

sex education from, 524

sexual abuse through, 491

teachers’ use of, 491

Internet sources, 118

Interpersonal intelligence, 359

Intervention, 150–151

Intimacy vs. isolation, 41–42, 41t, 556t, 558–561, 563

Intonation, 189

Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 78–79

Intrapersonal intelligence, 359

Intrinsic motivation, 314

Intuition versus analysis, 482–489, 489, 506

Intuitive thought, 482, 483, 483f, 488, 489, 506, 548–549

Intuitive versus analysis, 483f

Invincibility fable, 477, 481, 506

IQ, 146–147

IQ tests, 358, 358f, 359, 361, 374

Iran, 315, 396

IRB (Institutional Review Boards), 30, 32

Ireland, 115, 396, 551t, 561

Iron, 458

Irrationality, 482

Irreversibility, 279

Isolation, 41–42, 41t

Israel, 141, 231, 396, 551t

Italian language, 191

Italy, 124t, 393, 396, 551t, 561

IVF (in vitro fertilization). See In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Ivory Coast, 160

Jacob’s syndrome, 90, 90t

Jamaica, 124t, 160, 560

Japan

breastfeeding statistics, 63

cohabitation in, 560

college graduates in, 551t

co-sleeping, 140

high-stakes testing in, 501

international test scores, 396, 502

low birth weight newborns, 124t

neonatal care, 103

paid maternal and paternity leave in, 232, 232t

recess in schools, 351

regulation of selfishness in, 315

response to alcohol, 86

schooling in, 393

single-parent families, 419f

sleep patterns of infants, 139

sound preference of infants, 190

stranger wariness and separation anxiety in infants in, 206

training of toddlers in, 225

twinning among, 77

view of pride in, 412

Jealousy, 206

Jokes, 386, 391

Jumping, 70

Juvenile delinquency, 259, 529–531, 530p

Kangaroo care, 130–131, 131p, 132, 153

Karyotype, 71, 71p

Kenya, 124t, 232, 232t, 254

Kinship care, 272

Klinefelter syndrome, 90t

Knowledge base, 383–384, 385, 406

Kohlberg, Lawrence, 434–436, 435t, 439

Korea, 77, 225, 396, 403

Korean language, 191

Kwashiorkor, 167, 169

Labor and delivery, 110p, 111p

Laboratory test, false results, 120

Lactose intolerance, 59

Language

effect on math learning, 285

as a tool for advancing thinking, 284–286

as tools for learning, 308

Language acquisition

behaviorist theory, 193–194, 198, 200

brain maturation associated with, 179

differences in, 389–392

in early childhood, 290–297, 291t, 309, 343

evolutionary theory, 196–197, 200

fast-mapping, 292–293, 297

grammar acquisition, 293–294, 297

hybrid theory, 197–199

in infancy, 153, 186–193, 192f, 192t, 194f

learning two languages, 295–297

listening, talking, reading, 297

loss and gains, 296–297

in middle childhood, 386–392, 406

milestones, 192

norms, 291

preoperational intelligence aiding, 291–292

sensitive period for, 17, 151, 291–292

social-pragmatic theory, 195–196, 200

universal sequence of, 187–193, 200

use of first-person pronouns, 207

vocabulary, 386–388

vocabulary explosion, 292–293

words and limits of logic, 293

Language acquisition device (LAD), 197, 200

Language enhancement, 297

Language explosion, 278, 297

Language impairment, 370

Language shift, 296, 297

Latency of middle childhood, 40–41, 41t, 410–411, 416

Lateralization, 247, 254

Latin America

center-based infant care in, 231

childhood obesity in, 243, 459

co-sleeping in, 140

c-sections in, 108

discipline of children in, 337

malnutrition in, 167, 168t

schooling in, 393

special education in, 371

Latinos

AP test scores, 500

asthma cases, 355

diet of, 354

education and, 304, 497, 498

ethnic pride and self-esteem among adolescents, 526

height of children, 242

norms for walking, 159

parenting style, 326

sexual activity among adolescents, 467

style of reading to children, 283

Laughter

development of in infancy, 204, 206, 207–208, 235

in early childhood, 248

as survival technique, 228

LBW (low birth weight), 132

Lead

concentration in children age 6 and under in U.S., 259f

effect on the brain, 257, 258, 258p, 531

risk to fetus, 116t

Learning. See also Education; Math learning; Reading; Social learning

during adolescence, 496–505, 506

cultural effect on, 380p, 382p

during middle childhood, 377, 392–405, 406

as need of middle childhood, 418

pathways for, 144, 285p

Learning disabilities. See also Special needs in middle childhood

causes of, 251–252, 257

failure on high-stakes tests and, 501

math learning and, 366

plumbism causing, 258

special education for, 369–373, 374

teratogens causing, 112

types of, 189, 366, 370

Learning styles, 53

Learning theory, 42–46, 64, 193–194

Least restrictive environment (LRE), 369

Lebanon, 232t

Left-handedness, 247, 254, 274

Left-right coordination, 247, 356

Legs, 102, 106

Length of pregnancy, defined, 100

Leptin, 452–453

Levels of moral thought, 434–436, 439

LGBT teenagers, 10

Life expectancy, 14

Life-course-persistent offenders, 530, 532, 539

Limbic system

in adolescence, 463–464, 465

development of, 487–489, 506

drug use and, 537

in early childhood, 250–253

emotional regulation, 312

intuitive and analytical thought and, 482

maturation of, 462

myelination of, 313

parts of, 246

Linguistic codes, 387

Linguistic intelligence, 359

Linguistic memory, 185

Linked lives, 561

Listening and responding, 187–188, 297

Listening reflex, 172

Literacy, predictors of, 297

Lithium, 116t

Little Albert research, 32

Little scientists, 176, 177, 180, 200, 221

Logic

adolescents’ self-concept and, 476–481, 506

of early childhood, 278–281

words and limits of, 293

Logical extension, 293

Logical fallacies, 480–481

Logical-mathematical intelligence, 359

Loneliness, 80

Longitudinal research, 25, 25f, 26–27, 28, 34

Long-term memory, 382, 383, 385, 406

Love and belonging, 55–57, 558–561

Low birth weight (LBW), 122–125, 132, 163, 469

Lungs, 104, 106, 132

Lying, 288, 288f, 290

Lymphoid system, 457

Macrosystems, 18–19, 18f, 264

Madagascar, 232, 232t

Magazines, sex education through, 524

Mainstreaming, 369

Making interesting sights last stage, 172, 174

SI-11

Malaysia, 140

Male karyotype, 71

Malnutrition

consequences of, 167–168, 167p, 168f, 169

in early childhood, 242

effect on birth weight, 122

puberty affected by, 450

rates in various nations, 168t

risk to fetus, 116t

Maltreatment of children. See also Child abuse; Child neglect; Shaken baby syndrome

accuracy of data, 268–269

consequences of, 269–270, 273, 274, 356

defined, 266

effect on attachment to infants, 221

effect on the brain, 209, 213, 235, 253

frequency of, 268

prevention of, 270–273, 271p

rates in U.S., 267f

sexual abuse related to, 470

shared parenting reducing incidence of, 424

substantiated maltreatment in U.S., 268f

in United States, 266–267, 273

victims, 267p

warning signs, 269, 269t

Mandated reporters, 267, 271

Manners, 19p

Marasmus, 167, 169

Marijuana

attitudes toward, 19–20, 33

support for legalization, 20f

as teratogen, 114, 117t

use during adolescence, 533, 533f, 535, 539

Marriage, 60–61, 559–560, 562, 563

Maslow, Abraham, 55–57, 55f, 55p, 64, 227

Massage, 159

Massification, 551

Massive open online courses (MOOCs), 553–554

Mastery motivation, 499

Maternal death, 110

Maternal diet, 1

Maternal drug use, 122

Maternal education

educational achievement of children related to, 380, 389, 389f

fertility rate related to, 161–162

malnutrition of infants related to, 168

Maternity leave, 231, 232, 232t, 234

Math learning

adjustments for formal operational thought, 478

concrete operational thought contributing to, 378–379

curriculum differences, 393, 396

information-processing perspective on, 382

learning disabilities causing problems with, 366

in middle childhood, 404f

norms and expectations, 393t

social context influencing, 380, 396p

Maturation, 172

Maturation-learning debate. See Nature-nurture debate

Mauritania, 124t

Mean length of utterance (MLU), 192

Meaningful noises, 187

Means to an end stage, 174–176

Measles, 116t, 164, 169

Media

reporting on teen suicide, 529

sex education through, 524, 526

Medial prefrontal cortex, 208

Medical checkups, 138, 169

Memory

advances from infancy to age 11, 383, 383t

of infants, 183–186, 200

long-term memory, 382, 383, 385, 406

reminders and repetition affecting, 185

role of stress in, 252–253

sensory memory, 382, 385, 406

working memory, 382, 385, 406

Menarche, 445, 445–446, 450, 451

Mental combination stage, 172, 176–177, 179

Mental illness, 60. See also Psychopathology

Mentors

learning in early childhood affected by, 52–54, 282, 282p, 285, 290, 308

scaffolding language acquisition, 293

Mercury, 116t, 118

Mesosystem, 18f, 19, 19f

Meta-analysis, 22, 22t

Metacognition, 384, 385

Metaphors, 386–387, 391

Meth, 119

Methylation, 68, 85, 208

Mexican Americans, 283, 354, 355, 451, 455. See also Hispanic Americans; Latinos

Mexico

college graduates in, 551t

c-sections in, 108

infant mortality rate, 161

language shift in, 296

paid maternal and paternity leave in, 232t

regulation of defiance in, 315

Microbiome, 168

Microsystems, 17–18, 264

Midbrain, 142–143

Middle childhood (6 to 11)

biosocial development, 347–373, 410p, 441

brain development, 356–361, 374

cognitive development, 377–405, 441

developmental psychopathology, 361–369, 374

family structure and function, 416–428

growth during, 348

health habits of, 348–349

health problems of, 351–356, 374

as a healthy time, 348, 351, 374

industry vs. inferiority stage, 41–42, 41t

joys and problems of, 345, 347

language acquisition, 386–392, 406

latency stage of social development, 40–41, 41t, 377f, 378f

learning during, 392–405, 406

moral value development, 434–438, 438f

nature of the child, 409–416, 439

needs from family, 418–419, 428

oral health during, 348

peer group during, 429–433

physical activity during, 349–351

psychosocial development, 409–439, 441

special education, 369–373, 374

theories of cognitive development, 377–385, 406

Middle East, 168, 168t, 532–533

Middle school, 497–500, 497p, 505, 506

Midwives, 99, 108, 110–111

Military children, 419

Mind, 358–359

Minority groups, 520. See also
African Americans; Asian
Americans; Hispanic
Americans; Latinos;
Mexican Americans

Miracle babies, 110–111

Mirror/rouge test, 207, 235

Miscarriage, 89, 469

Mistrust, 41–42, 41t

Modeling, 45–46

Modern traditionalism, 559

Monozygotic (MZ) twins, 75–77, 76f, 79, 92–93, 96

Montessori, Maria, 300

Montessori schools, 300, 307, 309

MOOCs (massive open online courses), 553–554, 553p

Moodiness, 315

Moral development

in adolescence, 464–465

children’s values vs. adults,’ 436–438

discipline, 337–340, 341

in early childhood, 328, 332–341, 342

empathy and antipathy, 334–336, 341

good behavior, 336–337, 341

Kohlberg’s levels of moral thought, 434–436, 435t, 439

moral values, 438f

nature-nurture debate, 333–334

Moral reasoning, 434–436

Moral values, 434–438, 439

Morality, 332–333

Moratorium, 510, 539

Moro reflex, 127

Morocco, 396

Morula, 74

Mosaicism, 89

Mother-child relationship. See also Attachment

bonding, 130–131, 132

during pregnancy, 104–106

Motherese, 188

Mothers. See also Attachment; Maternal education; Parents

bonding, 130–131, 132

fetal development affected by, 1

following birth, 127, 128, 132

needs of, 227–228

Motion, 159

Motivation, 314–315, 317, 384

Motor area of brain, 246–247

Motor memory, 185

Motor skills

development during infancy, 156–160, 169

development in early childhood, 254–261, 255p, 256p, 274

development of in middle childhood, 349

Motor-vehicle accidents, 464, 487, 537

Mouth, 102, 132

Mouth skills, 158

Movement, 359

Mozart, Amadeus, 371

Multiethnic Americans, 31

Multifactorial traits, 81

Multifinality, 362

Multiple births, 76f, 79. See also Dizygotic (DZ) twins; Monozygotic (MZ) twins

Multiple intelligences, 359–360

Multiple sclerosis, 85

Mumps, 164

Muscle development, 457

Muscle tone of newborns, 126

Music, 190p, 191, 261, 372

Musical intelligence, 359

Muslims, 383

My Baby Can Read, 195

Myelin, 144, 246

Myelination

in adolescence, 462

in early childhood, 246, 247p, 248, 254, 259, 274

of limbic system, 313

processing speed determined by, 143, 356, 357

Myopia, 86–88

NAEP (National Assessment of Educational Progress), 399, 406

Names, popularity of, 19t

Naming explosion, 187, 190, 192, 200

Narcotics, 118

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 399, 406

SI-12

Native Americans, 31, 315, 527, 527p

Naturalistic intelligence, 359

Nature, 5, 333–334. See also Genes

Nature of the child, 439

Nature-nurture debate

about moral development, 333–334

case study of, 21

defined, 5, 34

Nature-nurture interaction. See Also

in alcoholism, 85–86

in biosocial development, 137

differential susceptibility, 6–7, 34

in nearsightedness, 86–88

on risky behaviors, 515–516

NBAS (Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale), 127

NCLB (No Child Left Behind Act, 2001), 399, 405, 406, 412

Nearsightedness, 86–88, 96

Negative correlation, 28

Negative identity, 510

Negative mood, 211

Neglected children, 431, 432

Neglectful/uninvolved parenting, 324, 333, 342, 515

Neighborhood games, 349–350, 351

Neocortex, 143

Netherlands, 110, 315, 396, 530

Neural tube, 102

Neural tube defects, 115

Neurodiversity, 368

Neurogenesis, 103

Neurological problems, 123

Neurons

changes with remembered experiences, 186

communication between, 143, 144, 145

defined, 142

development of in infancy, 144f

kinds of impulses, 249

myelination of, 246–247, 247p

prenatal development of, 104

prenatal proliferation of, 142

pruning, 104, 142, 144, 145, 146, 151, 245

structure of, 145f

Neuroticism, 212

Neurotransmitters, 143, 144, 144f

New adaptation and anticipation stage, 174–176

New family

couvade, 129, 132

family bonding, 130–131, 131p, 132

new fathers, 127–128, 132

new mothers, 127, 132

newborns, 4p, 104p, 125–127

parental alliance, 129–130

New Guinea, 129

New means through active experimentation stage, 172, 176

New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS), 210–212

New Zealand

co-sleeping, 140

early childhood education in, 305

international test scores, 396

legal age for alcohol purchases in, 535

paid maternal and paternity leave in, 232, 232t

sleep patterns of infants, 139

Newborns

Apgar score, 132

bonding, 130–131, 132

characteristics of, 125–127

face recognition, 148

first minutes of life, 4p, 104p, 106–108

low birth weight, 89, 122–125, 163, 456

reflexes of, 126, 127, 156

sleep patterns, 139

survival rates, 109–111

Niger, 167, 168

Nigeria

breastfeeding statistics, 63

c-sections in, 108

family structure in, 423, 423t

low birth weight newborns, 124t

twinning in, 77

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB, 2001), 399, 405, 406, 412

Non-Hispanic blacks, 353

Non-Hispanic whites, 353

Nonshared environment, 416–418, 417p, 426

Norms

defined, 39

for emerging adulthood, 543t

for emotional development, 204t

fact vs., 39

for fine motor skills, 159t

for gross motor skills, 156t

language acquisition, 187t, 291t

for motor skills, 255t

for reading and math learning, 393t

stages of attachment, 215t

theory vs., 39, 64

North Africa, 168, 168t

North America. See also Canada; Mexico; United States

characteristics encouraged in, 312

discipline of children in, 340

language acquisition in, 191

malnutrition in, 168, 168t

Northern Ireland, 396

Norway

center-based infant care in, 231

college graduates in, 551t

early childhood education in, 298, 302

education in, 499

efforts to halt bullying in, 433

low birth weight newborns, 124t

sexual activity among adolescents in, 467

Nose, 102, 132

Not attending status, 380

Nuclear family, 419, 420, 420t, 422, 424, 426–427

Nurture

alcoholism and nearsightedness affected by, 87–88

behavioral impact of, 67–68

biosocial growth affected by, 137

brain development affected by, 144, 208–209, 213

cognitive development affected by, 172

defined, 5

diversity within species and, 70

emotional development influenced by, 208–209

phenotype influenced by, 96

receptive language influenced by, 294

role in moral development, 333–334

temperament affected by, 211–212, 213

Nutrition

in adolescence, 459p

diet deficiencies in adolescents, 457–461, 472

in early childhood, 242–244, 242p, 243p, 244p, 245, 274

infant health and, 165–168, 169

Obesity

in childhood, 242–243, 245, 274, 351–354, 356, 374

diseases related to, 545

as eating disorder, 460

sexual abuse related to, 470

survival techniques associated with, 154

Object permanence, 175–176, 177, 180, 200

Observational learning, 44p, 45

Observations, 23

Odds ratio, 22, 22t

Oedipus complex, 328

Oklahoma, 119

On Becoming a Person (Rogers), 55

Onlooker play, 320

On-the-job training, 503–504

Openness, 212

Operant conditioning, 44–45, 45t, 46, 64, 193

Operational thought, 377–378, 478

Opioids, 118

Opposing perspectives

algebra at 7 a.m.? get real! (adolescent sleep patterns), 449–450

e-cigarettes: path to addiction or healthy choice? 534

language and video, 195

spanking, 338–339

testing, 501–502

toilet training, 50–51

too many boys? 72–73

using the word “race,” 13

“what do people live to do?,” 120–121

where should babies sleep? 142–143

Oral fixation, 225

Oral health, 348

in young children, 244, 245, 274

Oral stage of infant social development, 40–41, 40p, 41t, 224–225, 230, 235

Ordinary magic, 413

Organ growth, 457

Organ reserve, 544–545

Organ systems, 104, 106, 132

Orthopedic impairment, 370

Osteoporosis, 458

Outdoor play, 87–88

Ovaries, 447, 451, 465

Overimitation, 283–284

Overregularization, 294, 297

Over-the-counter drugs, 115

Ovum, 101

Own-race effect, 148

Oxytocin

bonding influenced by, 229

morality influenced by, 333

released in labor, 106

temperament affected by, 251

OxyContin, 533f

Pacific nations, 168, 168t

Paid family leave, 231

Pain in infancy, 155, 155p

Pakistan, 123

Palmar grasping reflex, 127

Paraguay, 160

Parallel play, 320

Parasuicide, 528, 528f, 532

Parent education, 297

Parental alliance, 129–130, 223, 224, 424–425

Parental imprinting, 84–85

Parental monitoring, 517–518

Parental reactions, 140–141

Parent-child relationships. See also Attachment; Bonding

in adolescence, 495, 498, 513p, 514–518, 517p, 519, 523, 539

in emerging adulthood, 561–562

in middle childhood, 410

Parentification of children, 415, 426

Parent-infant bond, 130–131, 132

Parenting

of adolescents, 509, 515–518

Baumrind’s styles of caregiving, 324–326, 333

cultural influences on, 326–327

favoritism and, 417–418

gender role changes, 513

helicopter parents, 562

onset of puberty influenced by, 454

styles of, 324, 333, 342, 390, 515

Parents. See also Fathers; Mothers

influence on identity formation, 511, 512

in the military, 419

needs of, 227–228

personality and intellect influenced by, 417

relationships with adolescents, 495, 498, 513p, 514–518, 517p, 519, 523, 539

relationships with young adult children, 561–562, 562p

role in education, 400–401, 405

sex education from, 524, 526

Parochial schools, 401, 402

Parten, Mildred, 320

SI-13

Parts of speech, 191

Paternal care, 1

Paternity leave, 231, 232

Pavlov, Ivan, 43–44, 46

PCBs, 116t

Pedestrian deaths, 265f

Peek-a-boo, 175

Peer group in middle childhood

bullies and victims, 431–433

culture of children, 429, 439

friendships, 430, 433

moral alignment with, 436–437

popular and unpopular children, 430–431

Peer pressure, 520–522, 520p, 526

Peer relationships. See also Friendships

in adolescence, 499, 539

in early childhood, 319

influence on identity formation, 511

as need in middle childhood, 418

parents’ views of, 519

sex education from, 524, 526

texting and email maintaining, 490, 492, 495, 521

Penis, 446, 465

People preference, 183

Percentile, 138

Perception

defined, 152, 181, 382

in infancy, 152–155, 153p, 160, 169, 181

interplay with sensations and cognition, 173, 180, 384p

Permanency planning, 271–273, 274

Permissive parenting, 324, 333, 342

Perry, 304

Perseveration, 249–250, 254

Personal fables, 477, 478, 481, 506

Personal motivation, 384

Personality, 210, 557–558, 563

Peru, 502

Pester power, 353

Pesticides, 116t, 117–118, 257, 452

PET (positron emission tomography) scan, 178, 178p

Phallic stage, 40–41, 41t, 328–329

Phallus, 328

Phase delay, 448

Phenobarbital, 116t

Phenotype, 73, 79–85, 80p

Philippines, 123, 140, 232, 232t

Phobias, 313

Phthalates, 452

Physical activity. See also Sports

homeostatic responses to, 545

during middle childhood, 87p, 349–351, 350p, 351p, 362p, 429p

of newborns, 126, 127

puberty affected by, 452

risk to fetus when excessive, 116t

in schools, 350–351, 393, 395p

Physical bullying, 431

Physical characteristics, 12

Physical necessities, 418

Physical punishment, 223f, 337–339, 341

Physiological needs, 55–57, 227

Piaget, Jean

cognitive theory, 46–50, 49t, 64, 159, 396–397, 406

concrete operational thought, 483

concrete operational thought of school-age children, 377–379, 377f, 378f, 385

experiment of, 479f

experiments of, 478

formal operational thought, 478–481, 483, 506, 548

on infants, 200

influence on child-centered programs, 299

on language development, 386

photograph of, 47p

preoperational intelligence of early childhood, 277–279, 290, 308

stages of development, 47p, 48f, 152, 172–180, 277–281, 434, 548

Picasso, Pablo, 371

Pincer movement, 158

PIRLS (Progress in International
Reading and Literacy
Study), 395–396, 396t,
405, 406, 502, 504

PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), 406, 502, 504, 506

Pituitary gland, 246, 252f

Placenta, 75, 96, 101, 107

Planning, 357

Plasticity

autism spectrum disorder and, 21

of brain, 59, 144, 148, 151, 248, 359

case study of, 21

defined, 20, 34

effects of, 22

effects of music, athletics, math learning, 372

of emerging adults, 558

Play

active play, 320–323, 342

cultural and cohort influences, 319–320

drama and pretending, 321–323, 321p, 322p, 342

in early childhood, 317–323, 319p, 321p, 342, 343

gender related, 321–322, 327–328

in middle childhood, 349–351

playmates, 319

rough-and-tumble play, 319p, 320–321, 323, 333

social play, 320, 323

sociodramatic play, 333

Play face, 321

Playmates, 319

Plumbism

concentration in children age 6 and under in U.S., 259f

effect on the brain, 257, 258, 258p, 531

risk to fetus, 116t

Pointing, 189, 189p

Poland, 161, 396, 502, 551t

Polio, 169

Political identity, 512, 512p

Political ideology, 81

Pollution

effect on young children, 256–257, 274

low birth weight newborns related to, 125

risk to the fetus, 116t

Polychlorinated biphenyls, 116t

Polygamous family, 420

Polygenic traits, 81, 85

Polymorphic genes, 69, 72–73

Popular children, 430–431

Popularity, 519–522

Positive correlation, 28

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan, 178, 178p

Postconventional moral reasoning, 434–435

Postformal thought, 548–549, 556, 563

Postpartum depression, 128, 131, 132

Postpartum psychosis, 128

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 251–252, 269

Practical guidance, 38

Prader-Willi syndrome, 84

Pragmatics, 294, 387, 391

Praise, 315

Prayer, 415–416, 416p

Preattachment, 215

Precocious puberty, 452

Pre-conception health, 113

Preconventional moral reasoning, 434–435

Prefrontal cortex

alcohol’s effect on, 535

development of, 321, 487–489, 506

development of control processes, 385

development of executive function, 289–290

drug use and, 537

emotional regulation, 312

functions of, 143, 146, 246

of infants, 149

intuitive and analytical thought and, 482

maturation of, 248–249, 254, 313, 463–465, 549

myelination of, 462

of young children, 245, 262

Pregnancy. See also Birth;
Embryonic period; Fetal
period; Germinal period;
Prenatal development

mother-child relationship, 104–106

periods of, 100–104

prenatal care, 120

preparation for, 113t

sexual abuse related to, 469

teratogens and, 112–119

timing and terminology, 100, 100t

Prejudice, 484, 550

Premature birth. See Preterm delivery

Prenatal anxiety, 105

Prenatal care, 120

Prenatal development

of brain, 105f

embryonic period, 100, 102

fetal period, 100, 102

germinal period, 100–101

last trimester, 103–106

second trimester, 103

stages of, 99–106, 132

third month, 103

vulnerability during, 101, 101t

Preoperational intelligence

of early childhood, 47–48, 49, 277–281, 290, 291–292, 308, 330

language acquisition aided by, 291–292

language shifting and, 296

Preoperational stage, 49t

Preschool programs

child-centered, 299–301, 302, 306, 307, 309

home and schools, 298–307, 306f

Montessori schools, 300, 307, 309

in Peru, 313p

as predictor of future literacy, 297

Reggio Emilia, 300–301, 307, 309

as source of intellectual stimulation, 379

teacher-directed, 301–302, 303–304, 306, 307, 309

Preschool years. See Early childhood (two to six)

Prescription drugs, 532, 533f, 537

Pretending, 207, 317, 321–323, 321p

Preterm delivery, 103–104, 122

Preterm newborns, 104p, 139

Pride

cultural influences on, 315

development of, 412

regulation of in China, 315

in toddlers, 206, 235

in young children, 312

Primary circular reactions, 172–173, 172t, 173f, 200

Primary education, 496, 506

Primary prevention

of injuries, 263, 264

of maltreatment of children, 270–271, 273

Primary sex characteristics, 465–466, 471, 472

Primitive streak, 102

Private schools, 401, 402, 406

Private speech, 284, 313

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 406, 502, 504, 506

Progress in International Reading and Literacy Study (PIRLS), 395–396, 396t, 405, 502, 504

Pronunciation, 158

Prosocial behavior

in early childhood, 334, 342

as learned behavior, 336

SI-14

Prosopagnosia, 148

Prostitution, 546

Protective optimism, 312–313

Protein production, 68, 69f

Protein-calorie malnutrition, 167

Provocative victims, 432

Proximal parenting, 226

Proximity-seeking, 215, 217, 224, 229

Proximo-distal development, 102, 103, 156

Pruning of brain connections

in early childhood, 245

in fetus, 104

in infancy, 142, 144, 145, 146, 151

Psychoactive drugs

threshold for fetal damage, 114

treatment of ADHD, 364

use and abuse of, 532–535, 537–538

Psychoanalytic theory

application to infant psychosocial development, 224–225, 230, 235

on breast-feeding, 63

contributions of, 61

criticism of, 55, 61

defined, 38

on gender identity in early childhood, 328–329, 342

latency of middle childhood, 410–411