Cause: Bacterium

Symptoms: The most frequently reported bacterial STI in the United States. In women, abnormal vaginal discharge or burning sensation when urinating; may be followed by pain in low abdomen or lower back, nausea, fever, pain during intercourse, or bleeding between menstrual periods. In men, discharge from penis or burning sensation when urinating.

Treatment: Antibiotics

U.S. Rate: 528.8 per 100,000

Cause: Virus

Symptoms: One of the most common STIs in the world. Causes no symptoms or health problems in most people, but certain types may cause genital warts and others can cause cervical cancer in women and other cancers of the genitals in both sexes.

Treatment: A vaccine is now available and is recommended for 11- and 12-year-old girls and boys who are not yet sexually active.

HPV infection is not a nationally reportable condition. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that about 43 percent of U.S. 18- to 59-year-olds have some type of the infection.

Cause: Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are common, lifelong infections, transmitted through contact with an infected person’s lesion, mucosal surface, or genital or oral secretions.

Symptoms: Blisters on or around the genitals or rectum that break and leave sores, which may take 2 to 4 weeks to heal; some people may experience fever, swollen glands, and other flu-like symptoms. Later outbreaks are usually less severe and shorter. Many people never have sores and may take years to realize they are infected. May lead to potentially fatal infections in babies and makes infected person more susceptible to HIV infection.

Treatment: There is no vaccine or cure, but antiviral medications can shorten and prevent outbreaks.

In 2016, among people aged 14-49, prevalence of HSV-1 was 48 percent, and prevalence of HSV-2 was 12 percent.

Cause: Bacterium

Symptoms: Some men and most women have no symptoms. In men, a burning sensation when urinating; a white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis; painful or swollen testicles. In women, symptoms—pain or burning during urination, increased vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods—may be so mild or nonspecific that they are mistaken for a bladder or vaginal infection. May cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and infertility in both sexes. Infected person can more easily contract HIV.

Treatment: Antibiotics

U.S. Rate: 171.9 per 100,000

Cause: Virus

Symptoms: Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eventually leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Infection with other STIs increases a person’s likelihood of both acquiring and transmitting HIV. Soon after exposure, some people have flu-like symptoms: fever, headache, tiredness, swollen lymph glands. Months or years later, when the virus has weakened the immune system, the person may experience lack of energy, weight loss, frequent fevers and sweats, yeast infections, skin rashes, short-term memory loss. Symptoms of full-blown AIDS include certain cancers (Kaposi’s sarcoma and lymphomas), seizures, vision loss, and coma. A leading cause of death among young adults in many nations.

Treatment: There is no vaccine or cure, but antiretroviral drugs can slow the growth of the virus; antibiotics can cure some secondary infections, and various treatments are available to relieve painful or unpleasant symptoms.

Prevalence: At the end of 2016, an estimated 1.1 million people in the United States aged 13 and older had an HIV infection, including an estimated 162,500 people whose infections had not been diagnosed.

Cause: Bacterium

Symptoms: Symptoms may not appear for years. Primary stage: One or more sores (chancres) a few days or weeks after exposure. Secondary stage: Skin rash, lesions of mucous membranes, fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, fatigue. Latent stage: Primary and secondary symptoms disappear, but infection remains in the body. Late stage (10 to 20 years after first infection): Damage to brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints, progressing to difficulty coordinating muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, blindness, dementia.

Treatment: Penicillin injections will kill the syphilis bacterium and prevent further damage but cannot repair damage already done.

U.S. Rate: 9.5 per 100,000