2.7 What Have You Learned?

1. What is the relationship among DNA, chromosomes, and genes?

2. Use the concept of gametes to explain why your parents could have given you millions of different siblings.

3. What surprises came from the Human Genome Project?

4. How is the sex of a zygote determined?

5. What are the differences among monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, and other siblings?

6. When talking about genes, what is meant by a “dominant–recessive pattern”?

7. What are three major developments in the germinal period?

8. What body parts develop during the embryonic period?

9. What major milestone is reached about halfway through the fetal period?

10. What role does the hormone oxytocin play in birth?

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11. What five vital signs does the Apgar scale measure?

12. What are some advantages and disadvantages of Caesarean sections?

13. In what ways do doulas support women before, during, and after labour?

14. What three sets of protective reflexes are typically seen in newborns? Give three examples of reflexes from each set.

15. How do fathers experience pregnancy?

16. What are the signs of postpartum depression?

17. What are the results of kangaroo care?

18. What are the consequences if an infant is born with trisomy-21?

19. Why are a few recessive traits (such as the sickle-cell trait) quite common?

20. What teratogens harm the developing baby, and what types of harm can they cause?

21. How does the timing of exposure to a teratogen affect the risk of harm to the fetus?

22. What are the potential consequences of drinking alcohol during pregnancy?

23. What factors increase or decrease the risk of spina bifida?

24. What are the benefits of prenatal care?

25. What are the differences among LBW, VLBW, and ELBW?

26. List at least four reasons why a baby might be born LBW.

27. What are some potential consequences of low birth weight?

28. In what ways do biology, psychology, and culture influence the risk of alcoholism?

29. In what ways do age, genes, and culture affect vision?

30. How might an awareness of genetic risks influence parents’ behaviour before, during, and after pregnancy?