1. What are the first emotions to appear in infants?

2. What experiences trigger anger and sadness in infants?

3. What do 1-year-olds fear?

4. How do emotions differ between the first and second year of life?

5. How do family interactions and culture shape toddler’s emotions?

6. What is known and unknown about the impact of brain maturation on emotions?

7. How are memory and emotion connected?

8. How does stress affect early brain development?

9. Why are temperamental traits more apparent in some people than others?

10. How might synchrony affect early emotional development?

11. Give examples of how infants and caregivers demonstrate proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining behaviours.

12. Describe the four types of attachment. How might each affect later life?

13. How do negative circumstances (e.g., divorce, abuse, low SES) affect attachment?

14. What can be done to improve the parent–child bond?

15. How is social referencing important in infancy?

16. How does father involvement affect infants?

17. What might happen if a person is stuck in the oral or anal stage of development?

18. How might the crisis of “trust versus mistrust” affect later life?

19. How might the crisis of “autonomy versus shame and doubt” affect later life?

20. How do behaviourists explain the development of emotions and personality?

21. Why does “working model” arise from cognitive theory instead of from the other theories?

22. According to humanism, how might caregivers’ needs affect their response to an infant?

23. How does evolution explain the parent–child bond?

24. Why is allocare necessary for survival of the human species?

25. What are the advantages and disadvantages of non-maternal infant care?

26. Compare costs and benefits of infant care by relatives versus centre daycare.

27. Why is it difficult to draw conclusions about infant daycare?

28. What are the benefits and problems for infants if their mothers are employed?