1. How do Erikson’s stages of cognition for school-age children and for preschool children differ?

2. How does a school-age child develop a sense of self?

3. Why is social comparison particularly powerful during middle childhood?

4. What factors help a child become resilient?

5. Why and when might minor stresses be more harmful than major stresses?

6. How might a child’s interpretation of events help him or her cope with repeated stress?

7. Give examples of how siblings raised together may not share the same environment.

8. What is the difference between family structure and family function?

9. Why is a harmonious, stable home particularly important during middle childhood?

10. Describe the characteristics of four different family structures.

11. What are the advantages for children in a nuclear family structure?

12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a step-parent family?

13. List three reasons why the single-parent structure might function less well than other family structures.

14. In what ways are family structure and family function affected by culture?

15. Using the family-stress model, explain how low family income might affect family function.

16. How does what children wear reflect the culture of children?

17. In what ways are friendships at the end of middle childhood different from those at the beginning of middle childhood?

18. How is a child’s popularity affected by culture and the child’s age?

19. What are the similarities and differences between boy bullies and girl bullies?

20. List at least three causes and three consequences of bullying.

21. How might bullying be reduced?

22. Using Kohlberg’s levels of moral reasoning, explain how cognition advances morality.

23. What are the main criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?