Chapter 19 What Have You Learned?

1. Question 19.1

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   A more mature response to the identity crisis is to seek a moratorium—postponing identity achievement while exploring possibilities. Attending college is a socially acceptable way to delay marriage and parenthood. This moratorium gives emerging adults some time to achieve political/ethnic identity and vocational identity.

2. Question 19.2

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   As individuals develop from early adolescence into adulthood, many become proud, or at least accepting, of their ethnic background. This is done through formal exploration (with education) and informal exploration (with the establishment of friendships).

3. Question 19.3

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   College applications require people to make choices regarding ethnic identity, which makes their ethnicity something that they have to think about. Because the rate of intermarriage in the United States has more than doubled since 1980, more emerging adults are proudly bicultural. Emerging adults tend to have friends and acquaintances of many backgrounds, which makes them more aware of history, customs, and prejudices. Many refuse to limit themselves to one ethnicity, one culture, one nation.

4. Question 19.4

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   In developing nations, most marriages are either arranged by the parents who wish to join their families together, or adolescents choose their romantic partners from a select group with significant guidance from their parents. In more modern nations, young people socialize with hundreds of potential mates, fall in love, and marry only after they are financially and emotionally independent.

5. Question 19.5

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   College helps the development of vocational identity by giving emerging adults the opportunity to explore possibilities. Development of vocational identity is hindered by college because counselors may be overwhelmed by the need to counsel students with serious emotional problems, and so are not available to provide vocational counseling. Even if they know what they want and they earn their degree, many emerging adults are unable to find the work they want.

6. Question 19.6

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   Due to changes in the world of work (e.g., commitment to a particular career may limit vocational success) and the larger society (e.g., economic recessions), achieving a single vocational identity may not be possible or even desirable. Vocational flexibility may be required for future generations.

7. Question 19.7

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   Personality is shaped lifelong by genes and early experiences. After adolescence, new personality dimensions may appear. The freedom of emerging adults allows shifts in attitude and personality. For most emerging adults, transitions that result from deliberate choices increase well-being. Personality can shift in adulthood due to genes, childhood experiences, and family circumstances.

8. Question 19.8

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   Self-esteem and happiness tend to increase during the emerging adulthood years.

9. Question 19.9

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   Emerging adults often use social media to extend and deepen friendships that begin face to face, becoming more aware of the day-to-day tribulations of their friends. Heavy Internet users tend to have more face-to-face friends than do nonusers.

10. Question 19.10

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    Women’s friendships are typically more intimate and emotional than men’s. Men are more tolerant and demand less from their friends.

11. Question 19.11

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    Male–female friendships allow the partners to get advice about dating relationships, which is an advantage. A disadvantage is that romantic partners may become jealous of a male–female friendship between their romantic partner and an opposite–sex friend.

12. Question 19.12

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    Emerging adults emphasize the importance of friendship with their romantic partners. They expect shared confidences and loyalty from their romantic partners.

13. Question 19.13

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    Intimacy, passion, and commitment.

14. Question 19.14

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    Although social networking is used to develop romantic relationships, one potential problem is choice overload with too many options for a romantic partner. Too many choices may contribute to slow analysis of information to ensure the right decision is made, which could explain why some people slow down the selection of a romantic relationship partner.

15. Question 19.15

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    There are national differences in the acceptance and timing of cohabitation. Cohabitation can be viewed as a prelude to marriage, a way to see if couples are compatible, a substitute for marriage, or a practical way to save money by sharing living expenses.

16. Question 19.16

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    Most research concludes that cohabitation increases the likelihood of divorce.

17. Question 19.17

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    Similarity tends to solidify commitment, probably because similar people are likely to understand each other. Happier relationships are those in which both partners are hard-working as well as adept at emotional perception and expression. Homogamy in cohort, religion, SES, interests, attitudes, and goals is increasingly important to contemporary partners, but ethnic similarity is less important. Presumably, differences in basic values and attitudes will lead to less stable relationships.

18. Question 19.18

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    It is part of a downward spiral, as increased demanding leads to slammed doors and angry exits. This repeated but frustrating and painful interaction can then damage relationship satisfaction.

19. Question 19.19

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    Situational couple violence can benefit from counseling and mediation that teaches the couple how to interact without violence.

20. Question 19.20

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    In the case of intimate terrorism, in which the victim and anyone who might try to intervene are at risk, immediate protection and separation are the best solution.

21. Question 19.21

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    Women are more likely to be seriously injured or killed by male lovers than vice versa. Men are more likely to be the recipients of threats, insults, slaps, and physical battering.

22. Question 19.22

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    Parents provide emotional support, financial support, tuition support, and housing.

23. Question 19.23

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    Parents do many things for their emerging adult children, from washing their laundry to paying their phone bills, which may keep the child dependent. If a family has more than one child, the children may perceive favoritism. Often one sibling seems to receive more encouragement, money, or practical help from the parents. Differential treatment because of gender or age seems unfair to the less favored child.