A
a, an. See also the
a vs. an, 377, 818
choosing, with common nouns, 381–82
defined, 375
multilingual/ESL challenges with, 375–77, 381–82
needed, 213
omission of, 213, 381–82
Abbreviations, 450–54
acronyms as, 451
in APA documentation, 692, 727–28
in Chicago papers, 756, 757
familiar, 450–51
inappropriate, 453
Latin, 452
in MLA documentation, 586, 588, 592, 593, 595, 597, 601–02, 606
periods with, 442–43, 450–51
plurals of, 432, 452
for titles with proper names, 450
for units of measurement, 451–52, 453
abide by (not with) a decision, 272
Absolute concepts (such as unique), 335–36
Absolute phrases
commas with, 413–14
defined, 505
Abstract nouns, 270
Abstracts
in APA papers, 724–25, 730, 810
in databases, 527, 544–45
keywords and, 724–25, 810
Academic degrees, abbreviations for, 450–51
Academic habits, developing. See Habits of mind
Academic reading and writing, 108–75. See also Becoming a college writer; Sample student writing
analysis papers, 109–41
APA papers, 662–738
argument papers, 141–75
audience for, 18–19
Chicago papers, 739–88
e-mail, 20, 817
literary analysis papers, 176–98
manuscript formats, 805, 807–12
APA format, 723–28, 809–12
Chicago format, 779–82
MLA format, 652–55, 807–08
MLA papers, 556–661
questions asked in the disciplines, 791–93
research papers, 514–55
writing in the disciplines, 790–804
accept, except, 818
according to (not with), 272
Acronyms, 451
Active reading. See Reading
Active verbs, 200–04. See also Active voice
Active voice
vs. be verbs, 202
changing to passive, 494, 498–99
vs. passive, 200–04, 498–99
shifts between passive and, avoiding, 229–30
and wordy sentences, 254
adapt, adopt, 818
AD, BC (CE, BCE), 451
Addresses. See also URLs
commas with, 415
e-mail, 471
numbers in, 455
ad hominem fallacy, 150–51
Adjective clauses
avoiding repetition in, 389–90
defined, 506
punctuation of, 409–10
words introducing, 506–07
Adjective phrases
infinitive, 503–04
introductory, with comma, 403–04
participial, 502–03
prepositional, 499–501
punctuation of, 410–11
restrictive (essential) vs. nonrestrictive (nonessential), 410–11
Adjectives
and absolute concepts, 335–36
and adverbs, 330–37, 485–86
commas with coordinate, 406
comparative forms (with -er or more), 334–36
defined, 484–85
after direct objects (object complements), 332, 495
hyphens with, 469
after linking verbs (subject complements), 331–32, 493–94
no commas with cumulative, 406, 418
order of, 394–95
with prepositions (idioms), 398–99
superlative forms (with -est or most), 334–36
adopt. See adapt, adopt, 818
Adverb clauses
comma with, 403–04
defined, 507
no comma with, 419–20
punctuation of, 403–04, 419–20
words introducing, 507
Adverb phrases
infinitive, 503–04
prepositional, 499–501
Adverbs. See also Conjunctive adverbs
and adjectives, 330–37
avoiding repetition of, in clauses, 389–90
comparative forms (with -er or more), 334–36
defined, 485–86
introducing clauses, 389–90, 506–08
no comma after, 419
placement of, 392
relative, 389–90, 506–07
superlative forms (with -est or most), 334–36
adverse, averse, 819
Advertisements. See Multimodal texts
advice, advise, 819
affect, effect, 819
aggravate, 819
Agreement of pronoun and antecedent, 307–13
with antecedents joined by and, 310
with antecedents joined by either . . . or or neither . . . nor, 312
with antecedents joined by or or nor, 312
with collective nouns (audience, family, team, etc.), 310
with generic nouns, 309
with indefinite pronouns (anyone, each, etc.), 308–09
and sexist language, avoiding, 308–09, 311
Agreement of subject and verb, 295–307
with collective nouns (audience, family, team, etc.), 301–02
with company names, 305
with gerund phrases, 305
with indefinite pronouns, 300–01
with intervening words, 295, 298
with nouns of plural form, singular meaning (athletics, economics, etc.), 305
standard subject-verb combinations, 295, 296–97
with subject, not subject complement, 303
with subject after verb, 302–03
with subjects joined with and, 298–99
with subjects joined with or or nor, 299
with the number, a number, 302
with there is, there are, 302–03
with titles of works, 305
with units of measurement, 302
with who, which, that, 304
with words between subject and verb, 295, 298
with words used as words, 305
agree to, agree with, 272, 819
ain’t (nonstandard), 819
Aircraft, italics for names of, 457
Alignment of text (left, right, centered, justified)
in APA papers, 724, 809–12
in Chicago papers, 780
in MLA papers, 652, 807–08
all (singular or plural), 300
all-, as prefix, with hyphen, 470
all ready, already, 819
all right (not alright), 819
all together, altogether, 819
allude, 819
allusion, illusion, 819
almost, placement of, 218–19
a lot (not alot), 820
already. See all ready, already, 819
alright (nonstandard). See all right, 819
although
avoiding with but or however, 391
introducing subordinate clause, 488–89, 506–09
no comma after, 421
altogether. See all together, altogether, 819
American Psychological Association. See APA papers
among, between. See between, among, 820
amongst, 820
amoral, immoral, 820
amount, number, 820
a.m., p.m., AM, PM, 451
am vs. is or are. See Agreement of subject and verb
an, a. See a, an
Analogy
as argument strategy, 144, 146
false, 146
as pattern of organization, 96
Analysis. See also Analysis papers
critical thinking, 109–24
evaluating sources, 142–56, 524–27, 538–55
of literature, 177–81, 184–86
synthesizing sources
APA style, 678–79
MLA style, 578–82
of visual and multimodal texts, 127–32
of written texts, 108–24
Analysis papers, 109–41. See also Literature, writing about
and critical thinking, 109–24, 127–37
drafting, 119–24
evidence for, 119–24, 135–37
interpretation in, 119–24, 135–37
judgment in, 121–23, 137
revising, 55–56
sample papers, 124–27, 137–41, 195–98
summaries in
balancing with analysis, 119–20, 122, 136
revising, 55–56
writing, 118–19, 133–34
thesis in, 121–23, 137
writing guide for, 122–23
and
antecedents joined by, 310
comma with, 402–03
as coordinating conjunction, 206–07, 488
excessive use of, 239–40
no comma with, 417, 420
no semicolon with, 425
parallelism and, 206–07
subjects joined by, 298–99
and etc. (nonstandard), 820
and/or
avoiding, 820
slash with, 448
angry with (not at), 272, 820
Annotated bibliography, 553–55
sample entry (MLA style), 553
writing guide for, 554–55
Annotating texts
electronic texts, 117, 130–31
to generate ideas, 25–26, 110–12
guidelines for, 114
literary texts, 177
visual or multimodal texts, 130–31
sample annotated visual text, 131
written texts, 110–12, 114
sample annotated written texts, 111–12, 579
ante-, anti-, 820
Antecedent
agreement of pronoun and, 307–13
defined, 307, 313, 479
pronoun reference, 313–19
singular vs. plural, 307–13
unclear or unstated, 315–16
of who, which, that, 304
Anthology or collection, selection in
APA citation of, 708–09
Chicago citation of, 761–62, 771
citation at a glance, 772–73
MLA citation of, 591, 624–25
citation at a glance, 626–27
anti-, ante-. See ante-, anti-, 820
Antonyms (opposites), 464–65
a number (plural), the number (singular), 302
anxious, 820
any, 300
anybody (singular), 300, 308–09, 820
anymore, 820
anyone (singular), 300, 308–09, 820
anyone, any one, 821
anyplace, 821
anything (singular), 300, 308–09
anyways, anywheres (nonstandard), 821
APA papers, 662–738
abstracts in, 724–25, 730, 810
authority in, 527, 665–66
author note in (optional), 809
citation at a glance
article from a database, 700–01
article in a journal or magazine, 698–99
book, 707
section in a Web document, 714–15
citations, in-text
directory to models for, 681
models for, 681–88
evidence for, 664–66
footnotes
formatting, 724, 811
sample, 731, 811
keywords in, 724–25, 730, 810
manuscript format, 723–28, 809–12
numbers in, 454, 810
organizing, 664
plagiarism in, avoiding, 666–70
reference list
authors and dates in, 690–92, 694–96
directory to models for, 688–90
DOIs (digital object identifiers) in, 694
formatting, 726–28, 812
general guidelines for, 692–94
models for, 693–722
place of publication in, 693
publisher in, 693
sample, 738, 812
titles in, 692
URLs in, 694
volume, issue, and page numbers in, 693
sample paper, 729–38
signal phrases in, 674–78
sources in
citing, 666–70, 680–722
integrating, 671–79
synthesizing, 678–79
uses of, 664–66
supporting arguments in, 664–66, 678–79
tables in
formatting, 726
sample, 734
tenses in, 353, 674, 681
thesis in, 663–66
title page, 723, 729, 809
URLs in, 694, 728
Apostrophes, 429–34
in contractions, 431
misuse of, 432–33
in plurals, 431–32
in possessives, 429–31
Apposition, faulty, 216
Appositive phrases, 505
Appositives (nouns that rename other nouns)
case of pronouns with, 321
colon with, 427
commas with, 411
dashes with, 445
defined, 321, 411, 505
no commas with, 419
as sentence fragments, 282
Appropriate language (avoiding jargon, slang, etc.), 257–68
Apps, citing
APA style, 719
MLA style, 637
Archetypes, in literature, questions to ask about, 181
are vs. is. See Agreement of subject and verb
Argument papers, 141–75. See also Arguments, evaluating
appeals in, 158
audience for, 157–58
common ground in, 158, 159–60, 166, 174
context in, 156–57, 174
counterarguments in
addressing, 164–66, 174
reflecting on, 142, 153–55
revising for, 55
credibility in, 158, 159–60
evidence in, 158, 161–64, 174
introduction to, 159–60
lines of argument in, 160–61
purpose in, 156–57
researching, 156–57
sample paper, 167–73
support for, 160–64
thesis in, 159–60, 174
writing guide for, 174–75
Arguments, evaluating, 142–56. See also Argument papers
argumentative tactics, 143–55
assumptions, 147–48
bias, 150–51, 547–48
claims, 147–48
deductive reasoning, 148–49
ethos (ethical appeals), 152
fairness, 150–55
generalizations, faulty, 144
inductive reasoning, 143–45
logical fallacies, 143–53
logos (logical appeals), 152
pathos (emotional appeals), 150–53
Article from a database, citing. See also Articles in periodicals
APA style, 697–702
citation at a glance, 700–01
Chicago style, 764–70
citation at a glance, 768–69
MLA style, 608–18
citation at a glance, 612–13
Articles (a, an, the), 375–86. See also a, an; the
Articles in periodicals. See also Article from a database
capitalizing titles of, 474
APA style, 692, 724, 727
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 601, 653
citation at a glance
APA style, 698–99
Chicago style, 766–67
MLA style, 610–11
citing
APA style, 697–706
Chicago style, 764–71
MLA style, 608–21
finding, 523–24
previewing, 541, 543–44
quotation marks for titles of, 436
APA style, 692, 724, 727
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 601, 653
Artwork, italics for titles of, 456–57
as
ambiguous use of, 821
needed word, 212
parallelism and, 207–08
pronoun after, 322
as, like. See like, as, 829
Assessment, self-, 77, 80–86. See also Reflection
Assignments
samples of, 797–804
understanding, 3, 17, 791–93, 797–804
Assumptions, in arguments, 147–48
as to, 821
at, in idioms (common expressions)
with adjectives, 398–99
vs. in, on, to show time and place, 396–98
with verbs, 399–400
athletics (singular), 305
audience. See Collective nouns
Audience
for argument paper, 157–58
assessing, 12, 16, 18–19
and document design, 805
for e-mail, 20
and genre (type of writing), 19–22
and global (big-picture) revision, 57, 60–61
and level of formality, 263–64
thesis and, 30–33
Audio sources. See Multimedia sources, citing
Authority, establishing in research papers, 527
in APA papers, 665–66
in Chicago papers, 742
in MLA papers, 560–61, 575–76
Author note, in APA papers, 809
Authors
of literary works
vs. narrators or speakers, 188
referring to, 187
of sources
in APA reference list, 690–92, 694–96
in Chicago notes and bibliography, 757–59
identifying, 549, 604–05
in MLA works cited list, 596–97, 601, 603–08, 638–39
in reposted files, 638–39
Auxiliary verbs. See Helping verbs
averse. See adverse, averse, 819
awful, 821
awhile, a while, 821
Awkward sentences, 214–18
B
back up, backup, 821
bad, badly, 333–34, 821
Bandwagon appeal fallacy, 150–51
Base form of verb, 338, 483
modal (can, might, should, etc.) with, 348, 365–68
in negatives with do, 368–69
BC, AD (BCE, CE ), 451
be, as irregular verb, 338–39, 346, 359, 484
be, forms of, 296, 359, 482–83
vs. active verbs, 202
and agreement with subject, 295–307
in conditional sentences, 371
as helping verbs, 202, 360–61, 362–64, 482–83
as linking verbs, 202, 348, 387, 493–94
in passive voice, 200–01, 362–64, 498–99
in progressive forms, 351, 360–61, 363
and subjunctive mood, 354–56
in tenses, 340, 349–51
as weak verbs, 202
because
avoiding after reason . . . is, 217, 832
avoiding with so or therefore, 391
introducing subordinate clause, 488–89
not omitting, 208
Becoming a college writer, 1–8
counterarguments, 142
curiosity, 3, 10, 514, 518
editing log, 68
engagement, 4, 50, 108, 518
habits of mind, 2–8
curiosity, 3, 10, 514, 518
engagement, 4, 50, 108, 518
reflection, 6–7, 77, 80–86, 142, 518
responsibility, 5–6, 518, 530–37, 569
practice writing prompt, 7–8
reading, 108
reflection, 6–7, 77, 80–86, 142, 518
responsibility, 5–6, 518, 530–37, 569
Beginning of essay. See Introduction
Beginning of sentences
capitalizing words at, 474
numbers at, 454
varying, 246
being as, being that (nonstandard), 821
beside, besides, 822
better, best, 334–35
between, among, 822
Bias, signs of, 150–51, 547–48
Biased language, avoiding, 150–51, 268. See also Sexist language, avoiding
Bible
citing
APA style, 688, 712
Chicago style, 762
MLA style, 595, 628–29
no italics for, 457
punctuation between chapter and verse, 428
Bibliography. See also Reference list (APA); Works cited list (MLA)
annotated, 553–55
sample entry (MLA style), 553
writing guide for, 554–55
Chicago style
directory to models for, 754–55
formatting, 782
models for, 753–79
sample, 788
scholarly, 525, 527
working, 530–33
information for, 49, 532–33
Block quotation. See Quotations, long
Blog
citing
APA style, 716
Chicago style, 774–75
MLA style, 634
to explore ideas, 29
to improve English-language skills, 358
Body of essay, 42–46
Books
capitalizing titles of, 474
APA style, 692, 724, 727
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 601, 653
citation at a glance
APA style, 707
Chicago style, 760–61, 772–73
MLA style, 622, 626–27
citing
APA style, 706–12
Chicago style, 759–64
MLA style, 621–30
italics for titles of, 456–57
APA style, 692, 724, 727
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 601, 653
library catalog for finding, 523, 541
previewing, 527, 543
Borrowed language and ideas. See Citing sources; Plagiarism, avoiding
both . . . and, 488
parallelism and, 207
Brackets, 446
APA style, 673
Chicago style, 749
in literary analysis papers, 189
MLA style, 572
Brainstorming, 27, 69–70
bring, take, 822
Broad reference of this, that, which, it, 314–15
burst, bursted; bust, busted, 822
Business writing
audience for, 19
e-mail, 20, 817
letters, 814
memos, 799–800, 816
reports, 813
résumés, 815
sample assignment and proposal, 799–800, 813
but
avoiding with although or however, 391
comma with, 402–03
as coordinating conjunction, 206–07, 488
excessive use of, 239–40
no comma with, 417, 420
no semicolon with, 425
parallelism and, 206–07
as preposition, 487
by, not omitting, 208
C
can, as modal verb, 348, 365–66, 482–83
can, may, 822
capable of (not to), 272
capital, capitol, 822
Capitalization, 472–76
after colon, 427–28, 475–76
APA style, 724
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 653
of first word of sentence, 474
misuse of, 472–73
of proper nouns, 472–73
in quotations, 475
of terms for Internet, 473
of titles of persons, 473
of titles of works, 474
APA style, 474, 692, 724, 727
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 601, 653
capitol. See capital, capitol, 822
Captions, 46
APA style, 726, 813
Chicago style, 780–81
MLA style, 654, 659
Case. See Pronoun case
Catalog, library, 523, 541
Cause and effect
as pattern of organization, 98
reasoning, 146–47
CE, BCE (AD, BC), 451
censor, censure, 822
Central idea. See Focus; Thesis
cf., 452
Characters, in literary analysis, 180, 187, 188
Charts, using in documents, 43–46. See also Visuals, in documents
in APA papers, 726
in Chicago papers, 780–81
in MLA papers, 654
Chicago Manual of Style, The, 739, 753, 756
Chicago papers, 739–88
authority in, 527, 742
authors in, 757–59
bibliography, 753–79
directory to models for, 754–55
formatting, 782
models for, 756–79
sample, 788
citation at a glance
article from a database, 768–69
article in a journal, 766–67
book, 760–61
letter in a published collection, 772–73
primary source from a Web site, 776–77
DOIs (digital object identifiers) in, 757, 781
evidence for, 741–43
footnotes or endnotes, 753–79
directory to models for, 754–55
formatting, 782
models for, 756–79
sample, 787
manuscript format, 779–82
organizing, 741
plagiarism in, avoiding, 743–47
sample pages, 783–88
signal phrases in, 750–53
sources in
citing, 743–47, 753–79
integrating, 747–53
uses of, 741–43
supporting arguments in, 741–43
tenses in, 750
thesis in, 740–43
URLs in, 757, 780–81
Choppy sentences, 235, 238
Citation at a glance
APA style
article from a database, 700–01
article in a journal or magazine, 698–99
book, 707
section in a Web document, 714–15
Chicago style
article from a database, 768–69
article in a journal, 766–67
book, 760–61
letter in a published collection, 772–73
primary source from a Web site, 776–77
MLA style
article from a database, 612–13
article in a journal, 610–11
book, 622
selection from an anthology or a collection, 626–27
short work from a Web site, 632–33
Citations. See Citation at a glance; Citing sources; Documenting sources
cited in, for a source in another source, 687. See also quoted in
cite, site, 822
Citing sources. See also Documenting sources; Integrating sources; Plagiarism, avoiding; Quotations
APA style, 666–70, 680–722
Chicago style, 743–47, 753–79
choosing a citation style, 795
common knowledge
in APA papers, 667
in Chicago papers, 743
in MLA papers, 565–66
in literary analysis papers, 189–95
MLA style, 563–69, 582–651
responsibility and, 5–6
reviewer comments about, 56
Claims. See Arguments, evaluating; Thesis
class. See Collective nouns
Class (social) in literature, questions to ask about, 180
Classification, as pattern of organization, 98
Clauses. See Independent clauses; Subordinate clauses
Clichés, 273–74
climactic, climatic, 823
Clustering, of ideas, 27–28
coarse, course, 823
Coherence, 99–105
Collaborative writing, responsibility and, 5–6. See also Reviewers
Collective nouns (audience, family, team, etc.)
agreement of pronouns with, 310
agreement of verbs with, 301–02
Colloquial words, 263, 465
Colon, 427–29
with appositives (nouns that rename other nouns), 427
capitalization after, 427–28, 475–76
APA style, 724
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 653
for emphasis, 245
to fix run-on sentences, 290–91
with greetings and salutations, 428
between hours and minutes, 428
introducing quotations, 427, 438
with lists, 427
misuse of, 428
outside quotation marks, 438
with ratios, 428
between titles and subtitles of works, 428
Combining sentences (coordination and subordination), 233–39
Commands. See Imperative mood; Imperative sentences
Commas, 402–22. See also Commas, unnecessary
with absolute phrases, 413–14
in addresses, 415
with and, but, etc., 402–03
with contrasted elements, 414
between coordinate adjectives, 406
before coordinating conjunctions, 402–03
in dates, 415
with interrogative tags, 414
with interruptions (he writes etc.), 413, 414
after introductory elements, 403–04, 439
with items in a series, 405
joining ideas with, 402–03
with mild interjections, 414
with modifiers, 406
with nonrestrictive (nonessential) elements, 408–12
with nouns of direct address, 414
in numbers, 415
with parenthetical expressions, 413
with quotation marks, 414, 437–38
with semicolons, 424
to set off words or phrases, 412–14
with titles following names, 415
with transitional expressions, 412–13
before which or who, 409–10
with yes and no, 414
Commas, unnecessary, 417–22
between adjective and noun, 418–19
between adverb and adjective, 419
after although, 421
after and, but, etc., 420
between compound elements, 417
before concluding adverb clauses, 419–20
after a coordinating conjunction, 420
between cumulative adjectives, 406, 418
with indirect quotations, 421
in an inverted sentence (verb before subject), 420
before a parenthesis, 421
with a question mark or an exclamation point, 421
with restrictive (essential) elements, 419
before or after a series, 418
between subject and verb, 417–18
after such as or like, 421
between verb and object, 417–18
Comma splices. See Run-on sentences
Comments, in online articles, citing
APA style, 705
MLA style, 616–17
Comments on a draft, understanding. See Revising with comments
committee. See Collective nouns
Common ground, establishing in an argument, 158, 159–60, 166, 174
Common knowledge
in APA papers, 667
in Chicago papers, 743
in MLA papers, 565–66
Common nouns, 376–84, 472–73
Common terms, abbreviations for, 450–51
Company names
abbreviations in, 450–51, 453
agreement of verb with, 305
Comparative form of adjectives and adverbs (with -er or more), 334–36. See also Superlative form of adjectives and adverbs (with -est or most)
compare to, compare with, 823
Comparisons
with adjectives and adverbs, 334–36
needed words in, 211–13
parallel elements in, 207–08
as pattern of organization, 95–96
with pronoun following than or as, 322
complement, compliment, 823
Complements, object, 495
Complements, subject
adjectives as, 331–32, 493–94
case of pronouns as, 320
defined, 493
and subject-verb agreement, 303
Complete subject, 490–91
Complex sentences, 511
compliment. See complement, compliment, 823
comply with (not to), 272
Compound antecedents, 310, 312
Compound-complex sentences, 511
Compound elements
case of pronoun in, 320–21
comma with, 402–03
needed words in, 210–11
no comma with, 417
parallelism and, 206–08
Compound nouns (father-in-law etc.)
plural of, 460
possessive case of, 430
Compound numbers, hyphens with, 469
Compound predicates
fragmented, 283
no comma in, 403, 417
Compound sentences
comma in, 402–03
defined, 510–11
excessive use of, 239–40
semicolon in, 423–24
Compound subjects
agreement of pronoun with, 310, 312
agreement of verb with, 298–99
defined, 491
Compound verbs. See Compound predicates
Compound words
in dictionary entry, 464
hyphens with, 468–69
plural of, 460
Conciseness, 252–56
Conclusion
in deductive reasoning, 148–49
of essay, 46–48
in inductive reasoning, 143–45
Concrete nouns, 270–71
Conditional sentences, 369–71. See also Subjunctive mood
Confused words, 271–72. See also Glossary of usage
Conjunctions, 488–89. See also Conjunctive adverbs
in coordination and subordination, 233–37
to fix run-on sentences, 289–90
Conjunctive adverbs
comma after, 412–13, 489
and coordination, 234
defined, 489
and run-on sentences, 289–90
semicolon with, 289, 290, 423–24, 489
Connotation (implied meaning of word), 269–70
conscience, conscious, 823
Consistency
in headings, 205–06
in lists, 206
in mood and voice, 229–30
in paragraphs, 102
in point of view, 226–28
in questions and quotations, 230–31
in verb tense, 228–29
Context, establishing
in APA papers, 676–78
in argument papers, 156–57, 174
in Chicago papers, 753
in literary analysis papers, 188
in MLA papers, 569, 577–78
when researching, 516, 527
Context, in literature, questions to ask about, 180
continual, continuous, 823
Contractions, apostrophe in, 431
Contrary-to-fact clauses, 355–56, 371
Contrast, as pattern of organization, 95–96
Contrasted elements, comma with, 414
Conventions (standard practices)
in business writing, 799–800
in the disciplines, 790–96
of genres (types of writing), 12–13, 19–22
in literary analysis papers, 186–87
in nursing practice papers, 803–04
in science writing, 801–02
in writing about psychology, 797–99
Conversations, academic and research. See also Synthesizing sources; Talking and listening
active reading and, 112–14
arguments and, 142, 156–57
in the disciplines, 790–96
engagement with, 4, 108
genre and, 21
getting the big picture of, 516
joining, 514–15, 520–21
responsibility and, 518, 569. See also Using sources responsibly
synthesizing, 579–80
and thinking like a researcher, 518
Conversing with a text, 112–14, 132
Coordinate adjectives, comma with, 406
Coordinating conjunctions
comma before, 402–03
coordination and, 233–34, 236
defined, 488
to fix run-on sentences, 289–90
no comma after, 417, 420
no semicolon with, 425
parallelism and, 206–07
Coordination
for combining ideas of equal importance, 233–34, 236
comma and coordinating conjuntion for, 402–03
excessive use of, 239–40
for fixing choppy sentences, 235, 238
for fixing run-on sentences, 289–90
and subordination, 239–40
Copies, of drafts, saving, 48–49
Correlative conjunctions
defined, 488
parallelism with, 207
could, as modal verb, 348, 365–67, 482–83
could care less (nonstandard), 823
could of (nonstandard), 823
council, counsel, 824
Counterarguments
addressing, 142, 164–66, 174
in APA papers, 666
in Chicago papers, 742–43
fairness and, 153–55
in MLA papers, 561
reflecting on, 142, 153–55
revising for, 55
Count nouns, articles (a, an, the) with, 376–81
Countries, abbreviations for, 450–51
couple. See Collective nouns
course. See coarse, course, 823
Course materials, citing
APA style, 687, 721
MLA style, 642–43
Cover letters, for portfolios, 77, 80–86
Credibility, establishing, 158, 159–60. See also Authority
criteria, 824
Critical reading. See Reading
Critical thinking
for analysis, 109–24, 127–37
about arguments, 142–56
and engagement with texts, 108
evaluating sources, 538–55
introduction to, 1–8
about literature, 176–81
crowd. See Collective nouns
Culture and race, in literature, questions to ask about, 181
Cumulative adjectives
no comma with, 406, 418
order of, 394–95
Cumulative sentences, 244
Curiosity, developing, 3, 10, 14–15, 514, 518
D
-d, -ed, verb ending, 338, 346–47, 360
Dangling modifiers, 222–26
Dashes, 444–45
for emphasis, 245
to fix run-on sentences, 290–91
data, 824
Database, article from. See Article from a database, citing
Databases, for finding sources, 523–24, 541
Dates
abbreviations in, 451, 453
in APA reference list, 692
capitalization of, 473
commas with, 415
in MLA works cited list, 601–02
numbers in, 455
Days of the week
abbreviations of, 453
capitalization of, 473
Deadlines, planning and, 13, 24, 516–17
Debates. See Argument papers; Arguments, evaluating
Declarative sentences, 512
Deductive reasoning, 148–49
Definite article. See the
Definition
as pattern of organization, 99
of words, 269–70, 464–65
Degrees, academic, abbreviations for, 450–51
Demonstrative pronouns, 480–81
Denotation (dictionary definition of word), 269
Dependent clauses. See Subordinate clauses
Description, as pattern of organization, 93–94
Descriptive word groups. See Adjective phrases; Adverb phrases
Design. See Document design; Visuals, in documents
desirous of (not to), 272
Detail, adequate, 53–54, 90–91, 184–85. See also Development, adequate; Evidence
Determiners, 375–86
Development, adequate, 53–54, 90–91. See also Organization, patterns of
Diagrams, using in documents, 43–46
Dialects, 261–62
Dialogue, 191–92, 435
Diction. See Words
Dictionaries, using, 461–65
different from, different than, 272, 824
differ from, differ with, 824
Digital file, MLA citation of, 638–39, 644–46, 647–48
Digital object identifier. See DOI (digital object identifier)
Digital sources. See Web sources
Direct address, commas with, 414
Direct language, 253–54
Direct objects
case of pronouns as, 320–21
defined, 494
followed by adjective or noun (object complement), 495
placement of adverbs and, 392
transitive verbs and, 494
Directories, to documentation models
APA style, 681, 688–90
Chicago style, 754–55
MLA style, 585, 598–600
Directories, Web, 525
Direct questions. See Questions, direct and indirect
Direct quotations. See Quotations, direct and indirect
disinterested, uninterested, 824
Division, as pattern of organization, 98–99
Division of words
in dictionary entry, 464
hyphen and, 470–71
do, as irregular verb, 340
do, forms of
in forming negatives, 368–69
as helping verbs, 482
and subject-verb agreement, 296, 345–46
do vs. does. See Agreement of subject and verb
Document design, 805–17
academic manuscripts, 805, 807–12
APA format, 723–28, 809–12
Chicago format, 779–82
MLA format, 652–55, 807–08
business letters, 814
and critical reading, 128–29
e-mail, 20, 817
format options, 13, 23, 805
genre (type of writing) and, 13, 19–22
headings
in APA papers, 725, 731–36, 809–13
in Chicago papers, 781
in MLA papers, 653–54, 808
lists in, 815–17
memos, 816
model documents, 805–17
for purpose and audience, 46, 805
résumés, 814
visuals, 43–46
in APA papers, 726, 734, 813
in Chicago papers, 780–81
in MLA papers, 654, 659
Documenting sources
APA style, 680–722
Chicago style, 753–79
choosing a documentation style, 795
in literary analysis papers, 189–95
MLA style, 582–651
responsibility and, 5–6. See also Using sources responsibly
reviewer comments about, 56
in the disciplines, 795
does vs. do. See Agreement of subject and verb
DOI (digital object identifier)
in APA citations, 694
in Chicago citations, 757, 781
don’t vs. doesn’t, 824. See also Agreement of subject and verb
Dots, ellipsis. See Ellipsis mark
Double comparatives and superlatives, avoiding, 335
Double-entry notebook, 112–13, 132
Double negatives, avoiding, 336, 369
Doublespeak, avoiding, 258–59
Double subjects, avoiding, 388–89
Drafting essays
analysis papers, 123
annotated bibliographies, 555
argument papers, 175
body, 42–46
conclusion, 46–48
introduction, 39–42
literacy narratives, 78–79
portfolio cover letters, 84–85
and saving files, 48–49
thesis, 29–36, 39–42
Drawing conclusions (deductive reasoning), 148–49
Dropped quotation, avoiding
in APA papers, 675
in Chicago papers, 751–52
in MLA papers, 575
due to, 824
E
each (singular), 300, 308–09, 824
E-books, citing
APA style, 708
Chicago style, 759
MLA style, 621, 623
economics (singular), 305
-ed, verb ending, 338, 346–47, 360
Editing log, 59, 68
Editing sentences, 65–66, 68
effect. See affect, effect, 819
Effect. See Cause and effect
e.g. (“for example”), 452, 825
either (singular), 300, 308–09, 312, 825
either . . . or, 488
and parallel structure, 207
and pronoun-antecedent agreement, 312
and subject-verb agreement, 299
either . . . or fallacy, 147
-elect, hyphen with, 470
Electronic documents. See also Web sources
annotated bibliographies, 554
annotating, 117, 130–31
e-mail messages, 20, 817
managing, 48–49
reading, 117
sharing, 13
elicit, illicit, 825
Ellipsis mark
in arguments, 154
for omissions in sources, 447
APA style, 672–73
Chicago style, 748–49
MLA style, 571–72, 807
Elliptical clause, dangling, 223
addresses, division of, 471
audience for, 20
effective, 20, 817
formatting, 817
italics in, 456
emigrate from, immigrate to, 825
eminent, imminent, 825
Emotional appeals (pathos), in argument, 150–53, 158
Emphasis, 232–45
active verbs for, 200–04
choppy sentences and, 235, 238
italics for, avoiding, 456
parallel structure and, 244–45
punctuation for, 245, 443, 444
sentence endings for, 243–44
subordinating minor ideas for, 241–42
Enc. (“enclosure”), in business writing, 814
Ending. See Conclusion
Endnotes. See Footnotes or endnotes
End punctuation, 442–44
Engagement
with arguments, 143–56
with literary works, 176–77
with other writers, 4, 50
with research topic, 515, 518
with written texts, 108
English as a second language (ESL). See Multilingual writers
enthused, 825
-er ending (faster, stronger), 334–35
Errors, identifying, 68
ESL (English as a second language). See Multilingual writers
especially, and sentence fragments, 283–84
-es, -s
spelling rules, for plurals, 452, 460
as verb ending, 295, 296–97, 344–45
Essays. See also Sample student writing
drafting, 4, 39–48
planning, 11–49
researching, 514–55
revising, 57–65
saving drafts of, 48–49
-est ending (fastest, strongest), 334–35
et al. (“and others”), 452
in APA papers, 683, 691
in Chicago papers, 757
in MLA papers, 588, 597
etc., 452, 825
Ethos (ethical appeals), in arguments, 152, 158
Etymology, 464–65
Euphemisms, avoiding, 258–59
Evaluating arguments. See Arguments, evaluating
Evaluating sources, 524–27, 538–55
even, placement of, 218–19
eventually, ultimately, 825
everybody, everyone, everything (singular), 300, 308–09, 825
everyone, every one, 825
Evidence
adding for support, 54
in analysis papers, 119–24, 135–37
in APA papers, 664–66
in argument papers, 158, 161–64, 174
in Chicago papers, 741–43
in literary analysis papers, 184–85
in MLA papers, 559–61
for papers in the disciplines, 793–94
ex-, hyphen with, 470
Exact language, 269–76
Examples
as evidence, 54, 163
as pattern of organization, 91–93
as sentence fragments, 284
except. See accept, except, 818
Excerpts, of articles and books, online, 544–45
Exclamation points, 443
and MLA citation, 438, 584–85
no comma with, 421
with quotation marks, 438
Exclamations. See Interjections
Exclamatory sentence, 512
expect, 826
Expert opinion, using as support, 164
Explaining a point, 53–54
Expletives there, it
and subject following verb, 387–88, 492, 498
and subject-verb agreement, 302–03
and wordy sentences, 254
explicit, implicit, 826
Expressions
idiomatic (common), 272–73
regional, 261–62
transitional, 412–13, 423–24
trite. See Clichés
worn-out. See Clichés
F
Facebook (and other social media), citing
APA style, 687, 722
Chicago style, 779
MLA style, 593, 650
Facts
in APA papers, 664–65, 676
in argument papers, 162–63
in Chicago papers, 741, 752–53
in MLA papers, 559–60, 577, 581
scientific, and verb tense, 352
Fairness, in arguments
assessing, 142, 150–55
establishing, 142, 164–66
Fallacies, logical
either . . . or fallacy, 147
false analogy, 146
hasty generalization, 144
non sequitur, 148
post hoc fallacy, 146–47
stereotype, 144
False analogy, 146
family. See Collective nouns
farther, further, 826
Faulty apposition, 216
Faulty predication, 216
Feedback. See also Revising with comments
giving to other writers, 58
seeking and using, 4, 49–51, 59
fewer, less, 826
Field research, 528–29, 794
Figures. See Numbers; Visuals, in documents
Figures of speech, 275
Files
managing, 48–49
sharing, 13
finalize, 826
firstly, 826
First-person point of view, 226, 796
Flow. See Coherence
Flowcharts, using in documents, 43–46
Focus. See Thesis
Fonts (typeface), in APA headings, 725, 811
Footnotes or endnotes
APA style, 724, 731, 811
Chicago style, 753–79
directory to models for, 754–55
models for, 756–79
sample, 787
MLA style, 651
for
comma before, 402–03
as coordinating conjunction, 206–07, 488
parallelism and, 206–07
as preposition, 487
Foreign words, italics for, 457
for example
no colon after, 428
and sentence fragments, 284
Formality, level of, 263–64
Formal outline, 37–39, 115–16. See also Informal outline
Format, manuscript. See also Manuscript format
for APA papers, 723–28, 809–12
for Chicago papers, 779–82
for MLA papers, 652–55, 807–08
Fractions, 455, 469
Fragments, sentence
acceptable, 284–85
clauses as, 280–81
for emphasis or effect, 284–85
examples as, 284
finding and recognizing, 278–80
fixing, 280–85
lists as, 283–84
phrases as, 282
predicates as, 283
testing for, 279
Freewriting, 28–29
Full-block style, for business letters, 814
further. See farther, further, 826
Fused sentences. See Run-on sentences
Future perfect tense, 350, 364
Future progressive forms, 351, 364
Future tense, 350, 360, 363
G
Gender, and pronoun agreement, 308–09, 311
Gender, in literature, questions to ask about, 181
Gender-neutral language, 264–68, 308–09, 311
Generalization, hasty, 144
Generating ideas. See Planning an essay
Generic he, 265, 308–09, 311, 827
Generic nouns, 309
Genre (type of writing), 19–22. See also Writing guides; Writing in the disciplines
and document design, 12–13, 46
of multimodal texts, 129
purpose and, 12–13, 19–22, 41
thesis and, 41–42
writing situation and, 12–13
Geographic names, the with, 384–85
Gerunds
defined, 503
following prepositions, 397–98
following verbs, 372–73
phrases, agreement of verb with, 305
possessives as modifiers of, 323–24
get, 826
Global (big-picture) revisions, 57–65. See also Revising with comments
Glossary of usage, 818–35
good, well, 333, 826
Government documents
as evidence, 794
MLA citation of, 648–49
graduate, 826
Graphic narrative, MLA citation of, 606–07
Graphs, using in documents, 43–46, 813. See also Visuals, in documents
Greetings and salutations, colon with, 428
Groups, writing or study, 4, 5–6
grow, 827
Guides to writing. See Writing guides
H
Habits of mind, 2–8. See also Becoming a college writer
curiosity, 3, 10, 514, 518
engagement, 4, 50, 108, 518
reflection, 6–7, 77, 80–86, 142, 518
responsibility, 5–6, 518, 530–37, 569
Handouts (course materials), MLA citation of, 638–39
hanged, hung, 827
hardly, 827
avoiding double negative with, 336
placement of, 218–19
has got, have got, avoiding, 827
Hasty generalization, 144
has vs. have, 296, 345. See also Agreement of subject and verb
have, as irregular verb, 341
have, forms of
as helping verbs, 361, 363–64, 482
and passive voice, 362–64
and perfect tenses, 361, 363–64
and subject-verb agreement, 296, 345
have vs. has, 296, 345. See also Agreement of subject and verb
Headings
in APA papers, 664, 725, 809–13
in Chicago papers, 741, 781
in document design, 808, 810–13
in MLA papers, 653–54, 808
to organize ideas, 63, 664, 741
parallel phrasing of, 205–06
planning with, 39, 664, 741
he, him, his, sexist use of, 265, 308–09, 311, 827
Helping verbs
contractions with, 348
defined, 348, 482–83
and forming passive voice, 339, 362–64
and forming perfect tenses, 339, 350, 353, 361, 363–64
and forming verb tenses, 339, 350–51, 360–64
modals (can, might, should, etc.), 348, 365–68, 482–83
needed, 348
and progressive forms, 360–61, 363
here, not used as subject, 388
her vs. she, 319–25
he/she, his/her, 448, 827
he vs. him, 319–25
he writes, she writes, comma with, 414, 439
hisself (nonstandard), 827
Historical context, in literature, questions to ask about, 180
Homophones (words that sound alike), 464–65
Hook, in introduction, 40–41, 52, 562
hopefully, 827
however
avoiding with but or although, 391
at beginning of sentence, 827–28
comma with, 412–13
semicolon with, 423–24
“How to” boxes (MLA papers)
citing a source reposted from another source, 638–39
citing course materials, 642–43
identifying authors, 604–05
HTML documents, as sources, 545
Humanities, writing in, 790–96. See also Chicago papers; Literature, writing about; MLA papers
hung. See hanged, hung, 827
Hyphens, 468–71
with adjectives, 469
to avoid confusion, 470
in compound words, 468–69
and division of words, 470–71
in e-mail addresses, 471
to form dash, 445
in fractions, 469
in numbers, 469
with prefixes and suffixes, 470
in URLs, 471
APA style, 728
Chicago style, 757, 781
MLA style, 653, 655
I
I
vs. me, 319–25
point of view, 64, 226
shifts with you, he, or she, avoiding, 226–28
Ibid. (“in the same place”), in Chicago papers, 756
Idioms (common expressions)
adjective + preposition combinations, 398–99
with prepositions showing time and place (at, on, in, etc.), 396–98
standard, 272–73
verb + preposition combinations, 399–400
i.e. (“that is”), 452, 828
-ie, -ei, spelling rule, 459
if clauses, 355, 369–71
if, whether, 828
illicit. See elicit, illicit, 825
illusion. See allusion, illusion, 819
Illustrated work, MLA citation of, 606–07
Illustrations. See Examples; Visuals, in documents
Images. See Visuals, in documents
immigrate. See emigrate from, immigrate to, 825
imminent. See eminent, imminent, 825
immoral. See amoral, immoral, 820
Imperative mood, 354
Imperative sentences
defined, 492, 512
you understood in, 387, 492, 497
implement, 828
implicit. See explicit, implicit, 826
Implied meaning of word (connotation), 269–70
imply, infer, 828
in, in idioms (common expressions)
with adjectives, 398–99
vs. at, on, to show time and place, 396–98
with verbs, 399–400
including, no colon after, 428
Inclusive language, 264–68, 308–09, 311
Incomplete comparison, 211–13
Incomplete construction, 209–14
Incomplete sentences. See Fragments, sentence
Indefinite articles. See a, an
Indefinite pronouns
agreement of verb with, 300–01
as antecedents, 308–09
apostrophe with, 431
defined, 481
Indenting
in APA reference list, 727
in Chicago bibliography, 782
in Chicago notes, 782
of long quotations, 435–36
APA style, 673–74, 724, 737
Chicago style, 749–50, 780, 783
in literary analysis papers, 190–91
MLA style, 190–91, 573, 653, 656–57, 807
no quotation marks with, 435–36
in MLA works cited list, 655, 808
in outlines, 38–39
Independent clauses
colon between, 427–28
combined with subordinate clauses, 511
and comma with coordinating conjunction, 402–03
defined, 510
and run-on sentences, 286–94
semicolon between, 423–24
Indexes to periodical articles. See Databases, for finding sources
Indicative mood, 354
Indirect objects
case of pronouns as, 320–21
defined, 494–95
Indirect questions
no question mark after, 443
shifts to direct questions, avoiding, 230–31
Indirect quotations
no comma with, 421
no quotation marks with, 435
shifts to direct quotations, avoiding, 230–31
Indirect source (source quoted in another source)
APA citation of, 687
Chicago citation of, 763–64
MLA citation of, 593–94
Inductive reasoning, 143–45
infer. See imply, infer, 828
Infinitive phrases, 503–04
Infinitives
case of pronouns with, 322–23
dangling, 223
following verbs, 372–75
marked (with to), 372–75, 397–98
and sequence of tenses, 353–54
split, 221
subject of, objective case for, 322–23
to, infinitive marker vs. preposition, 397–98
unmarked (without to), 374
Inflated phrases, 253
Infographics. See Visuals, in documents
Informal language, 263–64
Informal outline, 37, 132–33, 183. See also Formal outline
Information notes (MLA), 651
-ing verb ending. See Gerunds; Present participles
in, into, 828
in regards to, 828
Inserted material, in quotations. See Brackets
Institutional review board (IRB), for approval of research subjects, 528
Instructor’s comments, responding to. See Revising with comments
Integrating sources
in APA papers, 671–79
in Chicago papers, 747–53
in literary analysis papers, 187–92
in MLA papers, 570–82
reviewer comments about, 56–57
intend to do (not on doing), 272
Intensive pronouns, 480
Interjections (exclamations), 414, 443, 489
Internet. See also URLs; Web sources
capitalization of terms for, 473
reading on, 117
scanning, 541–42
searching, 524–27
Interpretation
in analysis papers, 119–24, 135–37
different perspectives and, 3, 114–15, 142
of literary texts, 177–81, 184–85
of visual and multimodal texts, 127–32, 135–37
of written texts, 115–24
Interrogative pronouns
defined, 480
who, whom, 326–30, 835
Interrogative sentences, 512
Interrogative tags, commas with, 414
Interruptions, commas with, 413, 414
Interviews, as information source, 23, 528–29, 794
In-text citations. See also Integrating sources
APA style
directory to models for, 681
models for, 681–88
Chicago style, 753–79
directory to models for, 754–55
models for, 756–79
choosing a documentation style for, 795
in literary analysis papers, 189–95
MLA style
directory to models for, 585
models for, 583–95
into. See in, into, 828
Intransitive verbs
defined, 495–96
not used in passive voice, 364
Introducing sources. See Signal phrases
Introduction. See also Thesis
of argument paper, 159–60
in business document, 816–17
of essay, 39–42
hook in, 40–41, 52, 562
of literary analysis paper, 184–85
of research paper, 561–62
revising, 52
Introductory word groups, comma with, 403–04
Invented words, 261
Invention. See Planning an essay
Inverted sentence order
for emphasis, 243–44
with expletives there, it, 302–03, 387–88, 492, 498
no comma with, 420
and position of subject, 492, 498
in questions, 492, 497
and subject-verb agreement, 302–03
for variety, 247–48
IRB (institutional review board), for approval of research subjects, 528
irregardless (nonstandard), 828
Irregular verbs, 338–43
be, am, is, are, was, were, 338–39
do, does, 340, 345–46
have, has, 341, 345
lie, lay, 342–43, 829
list of, 340–42
Issue and volume numbers, in APA reference list, 693
is vs. are. See Agreement of subject and verb
is when, is where, avoiding, 217, 828
it
broad reference of, 314–15
as expletive (placeholder), 387–88
indefinite use of, 316
as subject of sentence, 387–88
Italics, 456–58
in e-mail, 456
for foreign words, 457
for names of ships, spacecraft, and aircraft, 457
for titles of works, 456–57
in APA papers, 692, 724, 727
in Chicago papers, 756, 780
in literary analysis papers, 187
in MLA papers, 601, 653
for words as words, 458
its, it’s, 431, 432–33, 465, 828
J
Jargon, avoiding, 257–58
Journal, keeping a, 6–7, 29, 358
Journalist’s questions, 26–27
Journals. See Periodicals
jury. See Collective nouns
just, placement of, 218–19
K
Key words, repeating for coherence, 100–01
Keyword searching
and APA abstracts, 724–25, 730, 810
in databases, 523–24
in library catalog, 523
scanning results of, 540–42
in search engines, 524–27
kind(s), 829
kind of, sort of, 829
L
Labels for people, caution with, 268
Labels for visuals. See Captions
Lab report, sample assignment and excerpt, 801–02
Language. See also Tone; Words
appropriate, 257–68
biased, avoiding, 150–51, 268
borrowed. See Citing sources; Plagiarism, avoiding
clichés, avoiding, 273–74
direct, 253–54
doublespeak, avoiding, 258–59
euphemisms, avoiding, 258–59
exact, 269–76
formality of, 263–64
idioms (common expressions), 272–73
invented, 261
jargon, 257–58, 795
in literature, questions to ask about, 180
nonstandard English, avoiding, 261–62
obsolete, 261
offensive, avoiding, 268
plain, 257–61
pretentious, avoiding, 258–59
regionalisms, avoiding, 261–62
sexist, avoiding, 264–68
slang, avoiding, 261–62
specialized, 795
wordy, 252–56
Latin abbreviations, 452
laying vs. lying, 342–43
lay, lie, 342–43. See also lie, lay, 829
Layout of documents. See Document design
lead, led, 829
Learning community, 4, 50
learn, teach, 829
leave, let, 829
Legal sources
APA citation of, 706
MLA citation of, 648–49
Length
of paper, 13, 23
of paragraph, 105–06
less. See fewer, less, 826
let. See leave, let, 829
Letter in a published collection
Chicago citation of, 771
citation at a glance, 772–73
Letters, writing
for business, 814
for a portfolio, 77, 80–86
writing guide, 84–85
Letters of the alphabet
capitalizing, 472–76
as letters, italics for, 458
as letters, plural of, 431
liable, 829
Library resources. See also Web sources
articles in periodicals, 523–24
databases for, 523–24, 541
bibliographies, 525, 527
books, 523, 527
catalog for, 523, 541
reference librarians, 3, 523
scholarly citations, 525, 527
Web page, library, 523
lie, lay, 342–43, 829
like
no comma after, 421
and sentence fragments, 283–84
like, as, 829
Limiting modifiers (only, almost, etc.), 218–19
Line spacing
in APA paper, 724, 812
in business letters, 814
in Chicago paper, 780
in MLA paper, 652–53, 807–08
Linking verbs
adjective after, 331–32, 493–94
defined, 493
omission of, 348, 387
pronoun after, 320
Listing ideas, 27
List of sources. See Bibliography, Chicago style; Reference list (APA); Works cited list (MLA)
Lists. See also Series
with colon, 427
with dash, 445
and document design, 815–17
as fragments, 283–84
for generating ideas, 27, 69–70
parallelism and, 206
Literacy narrative, 69–76
sample student essay, 74–76
writing guide for, 78–79
Literary present tense, 187, 228, 352, 796
shifts and, avoiding, 187, 189
Literature, writing about, 176–98
active reading for, 176–77
conventions (standard practices) in, 186–87
details from the work in, 184–92
discussion for, 177–78
evidence in, 184–85
interpretation in, 177–81
introduction for, 184–85
MLA style for, 187, 192–93
outline for, 183
plot summary, avoiding in, 185–86
questions to ask for literary analysis, 179–81, 182
quotations from the work
citing, 189–92
context for, 188
formatting, 189–92
integrating, 187–92
sample paper, 195–98
secondary sources in
avoiding plagiarism, 192–95
documenting, 192–93
shifts in tense, avoiding, 187, 189, 228–29
summary in, excessive, avoiding, 185–86, 194–95
thesis in, 181–83
verb tense and, 187, 189, 228–29, 352, 796
Literature review. See Review of the literature
Logic
analogies, 144, 146
cause-and-effect reasoning, 146–47
deductive reasoning, 148–49
fallacies
either . . . or fallacy, 147
false analogy, 146
hasty generalization, 144
non sequitur, 148
post hoc fallacy, 146–47
stereotype, 144
inductive reasoning, 143–45
logos (logical appeals), 143–49, 152, 158
of sentences, 216
Logos (logical appeals). See Logic
Logs
editing, 59, 68
research, 518, 530
loose, lose, 829
lots, lots of, 830
-ly ending on adverbs, 337
lying vs. laying, 342–43
M
Magazines. See Periodicals
Main clauses. See Independent clauses
Main point. See Focus; Thesis; Topic sentence
Main verbs, 359, 483
with modals (can, might, should, etc.), 348, 365–68
man, mankind, sexist use of, 265–66, 830
Manuscript format. See also Document design
academic formats, 805, 807–12
APA style, 723–28, 809–12
Chicago style, 779–82
MLA style, 652–55, 807–08
business and professional formats, 806, 813–16
Mapping. See Outlines
Maps, using in documents, 43–46, 794. See also Visuals, in documents
Margins
in APA papers, 724, 811
in Chicago papers, 780
in MLA papers, 652, 807
Mass nouns. See Noncount nouns
mathematics (singular), 305
may. See can, may, 822
may, as modal verb, 348, 365–66, 482–83
maybe, may be, 830
may of, might of (nonstandard), 830
Meaning, finding in a text, 119–24, 135–37
measles (singular), 305
Measurement, units of
abbreviations for, 451–52, 452
and agreement of subject and verb, 302
media, medium, 830
Medium of publication, in MLA list of works cited, 602
Memos, 816
Metaphor, 275
Metric measurements, abbreviations for, 451–52, 453
me vs. I, 319–25
might, as modal verb, 348, 365–66, 482–83
might of (nonstandard). See may of, might of, 830
Minor ideas. See Subordination
Misplaced modifiers, 218–22. See also Modifiers
Missing claims, in arguments, 147–48
Missing words. See Needed words
Misspelled words, common, 456–57
Misuse of words, 271–72
Mixed constructions
illogical connections, 216
is when, is where, 217
mixed grammar, 214–16
reason . . . is because, 217
Mixed metaphors, 275
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 582, 652
MLA papers, 556–661. See also Literature, writing about
authority in, 527, 560–61, 575–76
citation at a glance
article from a database, 612–13
article in a journal, 610–11
book, 622
selection from an anthology or collection, 626–27
short work from a Web site, 632–33
citations, in-text
directory to models for, 585
models for, 585–95
evidence for
in literary analysis, 184–85
in nonfiction analysis, 559–61
information notes (optional), 651
literary analysis, 176–98
manuscript format, 652–55, 807–08
numbers in, 454
organizing, 183, 558–59
plagiarism, avoiding, 563–68
sample papers
analysis, 124–27, 137–41
argument, 167–73
literary analysis, 195–98
research, 656–61
signal phrases in, 573–78
sources in
citing, 563–69, 582–651
integrating, 570–82
synthesizing, 578–82
uses of, 559–61
supporting arguments in, 184–85, 192–95, 559–61, 578–82
tenses in, 187, 189, 228–29, 352, 574, 796
thesis in, 181–83, 557–63
tone (voice) in, 562–63
works cited list, 596–651, 808
authors and titles in, 596, 601, 603–08
dates in, 601–02
directory to models for, 598–600
formatting, 654–55, 808
general guidelines for, 601–03
medium of publication in, 602–03
models for, 596–651
page numbers in, 602
place of publication in, 601
publisher in, 601
sample, 173, 198, 661, 808
URLs, 603, 653, 655
Modal verbs (can, might, should, etc.), 348, 365–68, 482–83. See also Helping verbs
Model documents, gallery of, 805–17
Modern Language Association. See MLA papers
Modes. See Multimodal texts; Organization, patterns of
Modifiers
adjectives as, 330–37, 484–85
adverbs as, 330–37, 485–86
commas with, 406
dangling, 222–26
of gerunds, 323–24
limiting, 219–19
misplaced, 218–22
redundant, 252
restrictive (essential) and nonrestrictive (nonessential), 408–12
split infinitives, 221
squinting, 220
Money, abbreviations for, 451
Mood of verbs, 354–56. See also Conditional sentences
shifts in, avoiding, 229–30
more, most (comparative, superlative), 334–35
moreover
comma with, 412–13
semicolon with, 423–24
most, 830
Motive. See Purpose in writing; Writing situation
Multilingual writers, 358–400
adjectives, 393–95
adjectives and adverbs, placement of, 394–95
articles (a, an, the), 375–86
and English-language skills, 358
idioms (common expressions), 396–400
nouns, types of, 376–77
omitted subjects or expletives, 387–88
omitted verbs, 387
participles, present vs. past, 393–94
prepositions, in idioms (common expressions)
with adjectives, 398–99
with nouns and -ing forms, 397–98
to show time and place (at, in, on, etc.), 396–98
with verbs, 399–400
repeated objects or adverbs, 238, 389–90
repeated subjects, 216, 388–89
sentence structure, 386–95
verbs, 358–75
active voice, 360–62
conditional, 369–71
forms of, 359–62
with gerunds or infinitives, 372–75
modals (can, might, should, etc.), 348, 365–68
negative forms, 368–69
passive voice, 362–65
tenses, 359–62, 369–71
Multimedia sources, citing. See also Web sources
APA style, 716–21
Chicago style, 775–79
MLA style, 635–48
Multimodal texts. See also Genre
analyzing, 127–32, 135–37
annotating, 25–26, 117, 130–31
conversing with, 132
defined, 127
evaluating, 552
planning, 78, 84, 122, 174, 554
purpose and, 19–22
reading, 25–26, 117
sample paper analyzing, 137–41
writing about, 132–37, 790–91
Multitasking, avoiding, 117
must, as modal verb, 348, 365–66, 482-83
must of (nonstandard). See may of, might of, 830
myself, 321, 830
N
namely, and sentence fragments, 283–84
Narration, as pattern of organization, 93
Narrative writing. See Literacy narrative
Narrowing a subject. See Topic
N.B. (“note well”), 452
n.d. (“no date”)
in APA reference list, 686
in MLA works cited list, 602
nearly, placement of, 218–19
Needed words, 209–14
articles (a, an, the), 213, 375–86
in comparisons, 211–13
in compound structures, 210–11
it, 387–88
in parallel structures, 208
subjects, 387–88
that, 208, 211
there, 387–88
verbs, 348, 387
Negatives
double, avoiding, 336, 369
forming, 368–69
not and never, 486
neither (singular), 300, 308–09, 312, 830
neither . . . nor
and parallel structure, 207
and pronoun-antecedent agreement, 312
and subject-verb agreement, 299
never
as adverb, 486
avoiding double negative with, 336
nevertheless
comma with, 412–13
semicolon with, 423–24
news (singular), 305
Newspapers. See Periodicals
no
comma with, 414
avoiding double negative with, 336, 369
nobody (singular), 300, 308–09
Noncount nouns, 377–79, 381–84
none, 300, 830
Nonrestrictive (nonessential) elements, commas with, 408–12
Non sequitur, 148
Nonsexist language, 264–68, 308–09, 311
Nonstandard English, avoiding, 261–62
no one (singular), 300, 308–09
nor
comma with, 402–03
as coordinating conjunction, 206–07, 488
parallelism and, 206–07
and pronoun-antecedent agreement, 312
and subject-verb agreement, 299
not
as adverb, 368–69, 486
avoiding double negative with, 368–69, 827
in forming negatives, 368–69
placement of, 218–19
Notes. See Footnotes or endnotes; Information notes (MLA)
Note taking
for analysis, 110–15, 130–32
and avoiding plagiarism, 531, 534–37
double-entry notebook for, 112–13, 132
on drafts, 49
on electronic documents, 117
to generate ideas, 25–26
for literary analysis papers, 177
responsibility and, 5–6, 533
sample notes, 111–12, 131
nothing (singular), 300, 308–09
not only . . . but also, 488
and parallel structure, 207
and pronoun-antecedent agreement, 312
and subject-verb agreement, 299
Noun/adjectives, 478, 485
Noun clauses, 507
words introducing, 507
Noun markers, 375–86
Nouns. See also Nouns, types of
adjectives with, 484–85
articles with, 375–86
capitalizing, 472–73
defined, 478
of direct address, comma with, 414
plural form, singular meaning (athletics, economics, etc.), 305
plural of, 460–61
after prepositions, 397–98
renaming other nouns. See Appositives
shifts between singular and plural, avoiding, 226–28
Nouns, types of. See also Nouns
abstract, 270–71
collective (audience, family, team, etc.), 301–02, 310
common, 376–84, 472–73
concrete, 270–71
count, 376–81
defined, 478
generic, 309
noncount, 377–79, 381–84
possessive, 429–31, 478
proper, 376–77, 378–79, 384–85, 472–73
singular and plural, 377, 379
specific, concrete, 270–71
specific vs. general, 270–71, 377, 379
Novels, titles of
capitalization of, 474
italics for, 456
nowheres (nonstandard), 830
N.p. (“no publisher”), in MLA works cited list, 601
n. pag. (“no pagination”), in MLA works cited list, 602
number. See amount, number, 820
number, agreement of verb with, 302
Number and person
shifts in, avoiding, 226–28
and subject-verb agreement, 295–307
Numbers
commas in, 415
consistency of, 454
hyphens with, 469
as numbers, italics for, 458
as numbers, plural of, 431
spelled out vs. numerals, 454–56
APA style, 454, 810
MLA style, 454
Nursing practice paper, sample pages, 803–04
O
Object complements, 495
adjectives as, following direct object, 332
Objections, to arguments. See Counterarguments
Objective case, of pronouns
for objects, 320–21
for subjects and objects of infinitives, 322–23
whom, 326–30
Objectivity
assessing, in sources, 153–55, 547–48
in writing a summary, 118–19, 133–34
Objects
direct, 494
indirect, 494–95
of infinitives, 322–23
no comma between verb and, 417–18
objective case for, 320–21, 326
of prepositions, 499
pronouns as, 320–21
repetition of, avoiding, 389–90
Observation, as information source, 22–23, 529, 794
Obsolete words, 261
of, after could, would, may, etc. (nonstandard), 830
Offensive language, avoiding, 268
off of (nonstandard), 272, 830
OK, O.K., okay, 831
Omission of needed words. See Needed words
Omissions of letters and words, indicated by
apostrophe, 431
ellipsis mark, 447
on, in idioms (common expressions)
with adjectives, 398–99
vs. at, in, to show time and place, 396–98
with verbs, 399–400
one of the, agreement of verb with, 304
Online sources. See Web sources
only, placement of, 218–19
only one of the, agreement of verb with, 304
Opening. See Introduction
Opinion, expert, using as support, 164
Opposing arguments. See Counterarguments
Opposites (antonyms), 464–65
or
comma with, 402–03
as coordinating conjunction, 206–07, 488
excessive use of, 239–40
parallelism and, 206–07
and pronoun-antecedent agreement, 312
and subject-verb agreement, 299
Organization. See also Outlines
of APA papers, 664
of Chicago papers, 741
improving, 62–63
of literary analysis papers, 183
of MLA papers, 558–59
patterns of
analogy, 96
cause and effect, 98
classification, 98
comparison and contrast, 95–96
definition, 99
description, 93–94
division, 98–99
examples and illustrations, 91–93
narration, 93
process, 94
Organizations, abbreviations for, 450–51
Other sides or views, in arguments. See Counterarguments
ought to, as modal verb, 348, 482–83
Outlines
for essay, 36–39
formal, 37–39, 115–16
informal, 37, 132–33
for literary analysis paper, 183
for MLA paper, 558–59
for summary or analysis, 115–16, 132–33
Ownership. See Possessive case
P
Page numbers, in papers
APA style, 693, 723–24, 809–11
Chicago style, 779–80
MLA style, 602, 652, 807
Page setup. See Document design; Manuscript format
Paired ideas, parallelism and, 206–08
Paragraph patterns. See also Paragraphs
analogy, 96
cause and effect, 98
classification, 98
comparison and contrast, 95–96
definition, 99
description, 93–94
division, 98–99
examples and illustrations, 91–93
narration, 93
process, 94
Paragraphs, 87–106. See also Paragraph patterns
coherence in, 99–105
concluding, 46–48
details in, 53–54, 90–91
development of, 53–54, 90–91, 184–85
focus of, 87–90
introductory, 39–42
length of, 105–06
main point in, 89
revising, 51–62
topic sentences in, 62, 87–89
transitions in, 88, 102–05
unity of, 89
Parallelism
for emphasis, 244–45
in headings, 205–06
in lists, 206
in paragraphs, 101–02
in sentences, 204–09
parameters, 831
Paraphrases
in APA papers, 669–70, 674–78, 682
in Chicago papers, 741–43, 745–47, 750–53
integrating, 56–57, 88–89
in literary analysis papers, 194–95
in MLA papers, 559–61, 567–68, 573–78, 581
no quotation marks for, 435
and note taking, 535–36
Parentheses, 445–46
capitalization within, 474
no comma before, 421
Parenthetical citations. See In-text citations
Parenthetical elements
commas with, 413
dashes with, 444
punctuation with, 445–46
Participial phrases. See also Past participles; Present participles
dangling, 223
defined, 502
Participles. See Past participles; Present participles
Particles, with verbs, 483–84
Parts of speech, 478–89
adjectives, 484–85
adverbs, 485–86
conjunctions, 488–89
in dictionary entry, 464
interjections (exclamations), 489
nouns, 478–79
prepositions, 487–88
pronouns, 479–82
verbs, 482–84
passed, past, 831
Passive voice
vs. active voice, 200–04, 498–99
appropriate uses of, 201–02
forming, 362–65
shifts between active and, avoiding, 229–30
and wordy sentences, 254
past. See passed, past, 831
Past participles
as adjectives, 393
defined, 339
of irregular verbs, 338–43
in participial phrases, 502
and passive voice, 362–64, 499
and perfect tenses, 350, 353, 361, 363–64
vs. present participles, 393–94
of regular verbs, 338–39, 346–47
as verbals, 502–03
Past perfect tense, 350, 353, 361, 364
Past progressive form, 351, 361, 363
Past tense
in APA papers, 353, 674, 681, 796
and -d, -ed endings, 338, 346–47
defined, 350, 360, 363
of irregular verbs, 338–43
vs. past perfect, 353
of regular verbs, 338, 346–47
Pathos (emotional appeals), 150–53, 158
Patterns of organization. See Paragraph patterns
PDF documents
MLA citation of, 638–39
as sources, 545
Peer reviewers. See Reviewers; Revising with comments
Pen names, citing. See Pseudonyms, citing; Screen names, citing
Percentages, numerals for, 455. See also Statistics
percent, per cent, percentage, 831
Perfect progressive forms, 351, 362, 364
Perfect tenses, 350, 353, 361, 363–64
Periodicals. See also Articles in periodicals
capitalizing titles of, 474
APA style, 692, 724, 727
italics for titles of, 456
APA style, 692, 724, 727
Chicago style, 756, 780
MLA style, 601, 653
Periodic sentences, 244
Periods, 442–43
with abbreviations, 442–43, 450–51
with ellipsis mark, 447
to end a sentence, 442
with quotation marks, 437–38
Personal experience, writing about, 10, 14–15
Personal pronouns
case of, 319–25
defined, 479
Person and number
shifts in, avoiding, 226
and subject-verb agreement, 295–307
Persons, names of. See Nouns
Persuasive writing. See Argument papers
phenomena, 831
Photographs, using in documents, 43–46, 794. See also Visuals, in documents
Phrasal verbs. See Particles, with verbs
Phrases. See also Phrases, types of
dangling, 222–26
empty or inflated, 253
fragmented, 282
introductory, comma after, 403–04
misplaced, 219–20
as modifiers, 502–03
nonrestrictive (nonessential), with commas, 408–12
restrictive (essential), with no commas, 408–12, 419
separating subject and verb, 220
Phrases, types of. See also Phrases
absolute, 505
appositive, 505
gerund, 503
infinitive, 503–04
participial, 502–03
prepositional, 499–501
verbal, 501–02
physics (singular), 305
Pictures, using in documents, 43–46. See also Visuals, in documents
Place of publication
in APA reference list, 693
in MLA works cited list, 601
Places, names of. See Nouns
Plagiarism, avoiding
in APA papers, 666–70
in Chicago papers, 743–47
and drafting, 43
in literary analysis papers, 192–95
in MLA papers, 563–68
and note taking, 531, 534–37
responsibility and, 5–6, 533
reviewer comments about, 56
and Web sources, 46, 534, 537
working bibliography and, 530–33
Planning an essay. See also Outlines
assessing the writing situation, 11–24
exploring ideas, 3, 24–29
working thesis, 29–36
and writing about literature, 181–83
plan to do (not on doing), 272
Plays
quoting from, 191–92
titles of
capitalizing, 474
italics for, 456
Plot, in literature
questions to ask about, 180
summary of, avoiding, 185–86
Plurals. See also Agreement of pronoun and antecedent; Agreement of subject and verb; Singular vs. plural
of abbreviations, 432, 452
of compound nouns, 460
of letters used as letters, 431–32
of numbers used as numbers, 431
spelling of, 460–61
of words used as words, 432
plus, 831
p.m., a.m., PM, AM, 451
Podcast, citing
APA style, 716
Chicago style, 775
MLA style, 635, 637–39
Poems
quoting from, 190–91, 794
slash to separate lines of, 190, 447–48
titles of
capitalizing, 474
quotation marks with, 436
Point of view
in arguments, opposing. See Counterarguments
consistency in, 64, 102, 226–28
dominant, 64
in literature, questions to ask about, 180
in writing for different disciplines, 796
politics (singular), 305
Portfolio
cover letter for, 77, 80–86
keeping, 6–7
preparing, 77, 80–86
and self-assessment, 6–7
Position, stating. See Thesis
Possessive case
apostrophe for, 429–31
with gerund, 323–24
Possessive pronouns
defined, 480
no apostrophe in, 432–33
post hoc fallacy, 146–47
precede, proceed, 831
Predicate, 283, 490
Predicate adjective. See Subject complements
Predicate noun. See Subject complements
Predication, faulty, 216
preferable to (not than), 272
Prefixes, hyphen after, 470
Premises, in deductive reasoning, 148–49
Prepositional phrases
defined, 499–500
fragmented, 282
restrictive (essential) vs. nonrestrictive (nonessential), 410–11
between subject and verb, 298
Prepositions
after adjectives, 398–99
at, in, on, to show time and place, 396–98
defined, 487
followed by nouns or -ing forms, not verbs, 397–98
in idioms (common expressions), 272–73, 396–400
list of, 487
objects of, 499
repeating, for parallel structure, 208
after verbs, 399–400, 483–84
Present participles
as adjectives, 393
in gerund phrases, 503
in participial phrases, 502
vs. past participles, 393–94
and progressive forms, 351, 361
and sequence of tenses, 353–54
Present perfect tense, 350, 353–54, 361, 363
in APA papers, 353, 674, 681, 796
in Chicago papers, 750, 796
Present progressive form, 351, 360, 363
Present tense, 349–50, 360, 363
in APA papers, 796
in Chicago papers, 750, 796
in MLA papers, 574
subject-verb agreement in, 295–307
and tense shifts, avoiding, 187, 189, 228–29
in writing about literature, 187, 189, 228, 352, 796
in writing about science, 352
Pretentious language, avoiding, 258–59
Previewing
sources, 543–44
visual and multimodal texts, 128–30
written texts, 110, 114
Prewriting strategies
annotating texts, 25–26
asking questions, 26–27
blogging, 29
brainstorming, 27
clustering, 27–28
freewriting, 28–29
keeping a journal, 29
listing, 27
talking and listening, 25
Primary sources
for authenticity, 527
citation at a glance (Chicago style), 776–77
as evidence, 794
in literary analysis papers, 184–92, 195–98
on the Web, 638–39, 776–77
sample papers using, 195–98, 783–88
vs. secondary sources, 546–47
principal, principle, 831
prior to (not than), 272
Problem/strategy approach, for revising a thesis, 32–35
proceed. See precede, proceed, 831
Process
of evaluating sources, 538
as pattern of organization, 94
of writing an essay
drafting, 39–48
planning, 11–49
revising, 57–65
Progressive forms, 351, 360–62, 363
Pronoun/adjectives, 479
Pronoun-antecedent agreement. See Agreement of pronoun and antecedent
Pronoun case
I vs. me, etc., 319–25
who vs. whom, 326–30
you vs. your, 323–24
Pronoun reference, 313–19
ambiguous, 314
broad this, that, which, it, 314–15
implied, 315–16
indefinite they, it, you, 316–17
remote, 314
unstated antecedent, 315–16
who (not that, which) for persons, 317, 835
Pronouns. See also Pronouns, types of
adjectives with, 484–85
agreement of verbs with, 295–307
agreement with antecedent, 307–13
as appositives, 321
case (I vs. me, etc.), 319–25
defined, 479
lists of, 479–81
as objects, 320–21
pronoun/adjectives, 479
reference of, 313–19
shifts in person and number, avoiding, 226–28
singular vs. plural, 207–13
as subjects, 320
who, whom, 326–30, 835
Pronouns, types of, 479–81. See also Pronouns
demonstrative (those, that, etc.), 480–81
indefinite (some, any, etc.), 481
intensive (herself, themselves, etc.), 480
interrogative (who, which, etc.), 480
personal (you, they, etc.), 479
possessive ( your etc.), 323–24, 480
reciprocal (each other etc.), 481
reflexive (myself etc.), 480
relative (that, which, etc.), 480, 506, 507
Pronunciation, in dictionary entry, 464
Proof. See Evidence
Proofreading, 67
Proper nouns, 376–77, 378–89
capitalizing, 472–73
the with, 384–85
Pseudonyms, citing, 607, 694–95. See also Screen names
Psychology literature review, sample, 729–38
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 680, 723. See also APA papers
Public writing, audience for, 19
Publisher names
in APA reference list, 693
in MLA works cited list, 601
Punctuation, 402–48
apostrophe. See Apostrophes
brackets. See Brackets
colon. See Colon
comma. See Commas; Commas, unnecessary
dash. See Dashes
ellipsis mark. See Ellipsis mark
for emphasis, 245
exclamation point. See Exclamation points
parentheses. See Parentheses
period. See Periods
question mark. See Question mark
quotation marks. See Quotation marks
with quotation marks, 437–40
semicolon. See Semicolon
Purpose in writing, 15–16
for argument papers, 156–57
assignments and, 17
for business proposals, 799–800
curiosity and, 3
and finding sources, 521–23
and genre (type of writing), 19–22
for lab reports, 801–02
for literary analysis papers, 177–79
for nursing practice papers, 803–04
for psychology papers, 797–99
for research papers, 516–23
and writing situation, 12
Q
Quantifiers with noncount nouns, 381–82
Question mark, 443
and MLA citations, 438, 584–85
no comma with, 421
with quotation marks, 438
Questionnaires, as information source, 23, 529
Questions
adding for variety, 248
commas with, 414
direct and indirect, 230–31, 443
pronouns for, 480
punctuation of, 443
recognizing in assignments, 17
subject in, 492, 497
Questions to ask
for analysis paper, 56, 123
for annotated bibliography, 555
about arguments, 63, 152–53, 175
for assignments in the disciplines, 791–93
about document design, 46
to generate ideas, 3, 26–27
about genre (type of writing), 21–22
for literacy narrative, 79
about literature, 179–81, 182
about reading, 114
for reflective letter, 85
about research subject, 514, 516–21
for APA papers, 663–64
for Chicago papers, 740
for MLA papers, 557
to shape a thesis, 30–32
Quotation marks, 434–41. See also Quotations
to avoid plagiarism, 56–57, 536
with direct quotations (exact language), 434–36, 536
misuses of, 440
not used with indented (long) quotations, 435–36
not used with paraphrases and summaries, 435
other punctuation with, 437–40
single, 436
with titles of works, 436
APA style, 692, 724, 727
Chicago style, 780, 780
MLA style, 187, 601, 653
with words used as words, 437
quotation, quote. See quote, quotation, 831
Quotations. See also Quotation marks
adding for variety, 248–49
in APA papers
accuracy of, 672–73
appropriate use of, 671–74
avoiding plagiarism in, 668–69
brackets with, 673
citing, 668–69, 680–722
context for, 676–78
dropped, avoiding, 675
ellipsis mark with, 672–73
embedding, 676–78
indenting, 673–74
integrating, 56–57, 88–89, 671–79
long (indented), 673–74, 724, 737
quotation marks for, 668–69
sic for errors in, 673
signal phrase with, 674–78
synthesizing, 678–79
in argument papers, 154
capitalization in, 475
in Chicago papers
accuracy of, 748–49
appropriate use of, 747–50
avoiding plagiarism in, 744–45
brackets with, 749
citing, 744–45, 753–79
context for, 753
dropped, avoiding, 751–52
ellipsis mark with, 748–49
embedding, 753
indenting, 749–50, 780, 783
integrating, 747–53
long (indented), 749–50, 780, 783
quotation marks for, 745
sic for errors in, 749
with signal phrase, 750–53
commas with, 414
direct and indirect, 230–31, 434–36, 443
ellipsis marks to indicate deletions in, 447
integrating, 56–57, 88–89, 187–92
in literary analysis papers
avoiding plagiarism in, 192–95
citing, 189–95
context for, 188
formatting, 189–92
indenting, 190–91
integrating, 187–92
long (indented), 190–91
and shifts in tense, avoiding, 187, 189
long (indented), 435–36
in MLA papers
accuracy of, 571–72
appropriate use of, 570–73, 581
avoiding plagiarism in, 565–66
brackets with, 572
citing, 565–66, 582–651
context for, 569, 577–78
dropped, avoiding, 575
ellipsis mark with, 571–72, 807
embedding, 569, 577–78
indenting, 573, 653, 807
integrating, 570–82
long (indented), 190–91, 573, 653, 656–57, 807
quotation marks for, 566
“sic” for errors in, 572
with signal phrase, 573–78
synthesizing, 578–82
punctuation of, 434–41
within quotations, 436
quoted in (qtd. in), for a source in another source, 593–94, 763–64. See also cited in
quote, quotation, 831
Quotes. See Quotations
R
Race and culture, in literature, questions to ask about, 181
raise, rise, 832
Ratios, colon with, 428
Readability, document design for, 805
Readers, engaging, 40–41, 50, 52, 57–61, 562. See also Audience
Reading
active and critical
for analysis, 122
of arguments, 142–56
of literary works, 176–77
of research sources, 546–52
of visual and multimedia texts, 127–37, 552
of written texts, 109–15
annotating. See Annotating texts
conversing with a text, 112–14, 132
engagement with, 4, 108, 176–77, 518
evaluating arguments, 143–56
evaluating sources, 524–27, 538–55
exploring a subject, 22–23, 25–26
to improve English-language skills, 358
literary works and, 176–77
previewing, 110, 114, 128–30, 543–44
responding to, 108. See also Analysis papers
visuals and multimodal texts, 127–37, 552
on the Web, 117
real, really, 333, 832
Reasoning. See also Argument papers
deductive, 148–49
inductive, 143–45
logical fallacies, 143–53
reason . . . is because (nonstandard), 217, 832
reason why (nonstandard), 832
Reciprocal pronouns, 481
Red herring fallacy, 150–51
Redundancies, 252
Reference list (APA). See also Bibliography, Chicago style; Works cited list (MLA)
directory to models for, 688–90
formatting, 726–28, 812
general guidelines for, 692–94
models for, 693–722
sample, 738, 812
Reference of pronouns. See Pronoun reference
Reflection
for an argument paper, 142
developing habit of, 6–7
letter of
sample, 81–83, 86
writing guide for, 84–85
for a literacy narrative, 69–76, 78–79
for a portfolio, 6–7, 77, 80–86
for a research project, 518
Reflexive pronouns, 326–30, 480
Regional expressions, 261–62
Regular verbs
-d, -ed endings on, 338, 346–47
defined, 338, 483
-s forms of, 344–45
relation, relationship, 832
Relative adverbs
defined, 506–07
introducing adjective clauses, 389–90, 506–07
Relative pronouns
agreement with verb, 304
defined, 480, 506
introducing adjective clauses, 389–90, 506–07
in noun clauses, 507
who, whom, 326–30, 835
Repetition
of function words, for parallel structure, 208
of key words, 100–01
unnecessary, 252–53, 388–90
Reposted source online, citing (MLA style), 638–39
Requests, subjunctive mood for, 356
Researched writing. See also Literature, writing about; Researching a topic
APA papers, 662–738
Chicago papers, 739–88
MLA papers, 556–61
sample student writing
APA style, 729–38
Chicago style, 783–88
MLA style, 124–27, 137–41, 195–98, 167–73, 656–61
Researching a topic, 514–55. See also Conversations, academic and research; Researched writing
for argument papers, 156–57
bibliography
annotated, 553–55
sample annotated entry, 553
scholarly, 525, 527
working, 530–33
catalog, library, 523, 541
context and, 569
databases, 523–24, 541
entry point for, 520
evaluating sources, 524–27, 538–55
field research, 528–29
getting started, 515–21
joining a research conversation, 415–16
keeping a research log, 518, 530
keeping records and copies of sources, 531
keyword searches, 523–27
library resources, 523–25, 541
managing information, 515–16, 530–37
narrowing the focus, 519–20
note taking, 531, 534–37
planning, 515–17, 539
purpose and, 516–23
questionnaires, 529
reading critically, 539, 546–52
reading selectively, 540–44
reference librarians, 523
research questions, 516–21
schedule for, 516–17
search strategy, 521–23, 539
shortcuts to related sources, 525, 527
thinking like a researcher, 518
tips for smart searching, 527
Web resources, 523, 524–27
respectfully, respectively, 832
Responsibility. See also Using sources responsibly
developing habit of, 5–6
and note taking, 530–37
providing context for sources, 569
and thinking like a researcher, 518
Restrictive (essential) elements, no commas with, 408–12, 419
Résumés, 814
Reviewers, peer. See also Revising with comments
for an analytical essay, 123
for an annotated bibliography, 555
for an argument paper, 175
engagement with, 4, 50
guidelines for, 58–59
for a literacy narrative, 79
for a portfolio cover letter, 85
sample comments by, 71–72
seeking help from, 49–51
writing situation and, 13, 23–24
Review of the literature
sample assignment and excerpt, 797–99
sample paper (APA style), 729–38
Revising with comments (“Be specific,” “Develop more,” etc.), 6–7, 51–57
Revision, 49–86. See also Revising with comments
cyles of, 49–51, 57–65
engagement with, 50
global (big-picture), 57–65
readers and, 50
reflection and, 6–7
sample of, 69–76
sentence-level, 65–66, 68
of thesis, 32–35
rise. See raise, rise, 832
Running heads. See also Page numbers, in papers
in APA documents, 723–24, 809–10
in MLA documents, 652
Run-on sentences
finding and recognizing, 286–88
fixing, 287–92
with colon or dash, 290–91
with comma and coordinating conjunction, 289–90
by making two sentences, 291–92
by restructuring, 292
with semicolon, 290
testing for, 288
S
-s
and apostrophe, 429–33
and plurals of abbreviations, 452
and spelling, 460
as verb ending, 295–296–97, 344–45
Salutations and greetings, colon with, 428
Sample student writing
analysis
of a literary text, 195–98
of a visual text, 137–41
of a written text, 124–27
argument, 167–73
in the disciplines, excerpts
business proposal, 799–800
lab report, 801–02
nursing practice paper, 803–04
psychology literature review, 797–99
drafts, 74–76
literacy narrative, 74–76
outline, 38–39
portfolio letter, 81–83, 86
research
APA style, 729–38
Chicago style, 783–88
MLA style, 656–61
Scholarly sources, identifying, 527, 545
Sciences, writing in the, 790–96, 801–02
Scientific facts, and verb tense, 352
Scores, numerals for, 455
Screen names, citing
APA style, 694–95, 705, 716, 722
MLA style, 607, 616, 634, 650, 651
Search engines, 524–27
Search strategy, 521–23
Secondary sources, 546–47, 794
in literary analysis paper, 192–95, 195–98
vs. primary sources, 546–47
sample paper using, 195–98
Second-person point of view, 64, 228
self-, hyphen with, 470
Self-assessment, in portfolio, 6–7, 77, 80–86. See also Reflection
Semicolon, 422–26
with commas, 424
to fix run-on sentences, 290
between independent clauses, 423–24
misuse of, 425
outside quotation marks, 438
with series, 424–25
transitional expressions with, 423–24
sensual, sensuous, 832
Sentence endings, for emphasis, 243–44
Sentence fragments. See Fragments, sentence
Sentence patterns, 490–99
Sentence purposes, 512
Sentences. See also Sentence types
awkward, 214–18
choppy, coordination and subordination for, 235, 238
conditional, 369–71
fragments. See Fragments, sentence
fused. See Run-on sentences
incomplete. See Fragments, sentence
inverted (verb before subject), 247–48, 302–03, 387–88, 492, 498
logical, 216
parts of, 490–97
patterns of, 490–99
purposes of, 512
revising and editing, 65–66, 68
run-on. See Run-on sentences
thesis. See Thesis
topic, 87–89
transitional, 102–05
variety in, 245–50
wordy, 252–56
Sentence structure
mixed constructions, 214–18
multilingual/ESL challenges with, 386–95
adjectives, placement of, 394–95
adverbs, placement of, 392
although, because, 391
linking verb between subject and subject complement, 387
present participle vs. past participle, 393–94
repetition of object or adverb, avoiding, 389–90
repetition of subject, avoiding, 388–89
subject, needed, 387–88
there, it, 387–88
simplifying, 254
variety in, 245–50
Sentence types, 509–11
complex, 511
compound, 510–11
compound-complex, 511
cumulative, 244
declarative, 512
exclamatory, 512
imperative, 512
interrogative, 512
inverted, 244
periodic, 244
simple, 510
Series
comma with, 405
parallelism and, 205
parentheses with, 445–46
semicolon with, 424–25
set, sit, 832
Setting, in literature, questions to ask about, 180
Setup, page. See Document design; Manuscript format
Sexist language, avoiding, 264–68, 308–09, 311
shall, as modal verb, 348, 365, 482–83
shall, will, 832
she, her, hers, sexist use of, 265, 308–09, 311
she vs. her, 319–25
she writes, he writes, comma with, 414, 439
Shifts, avoiding
from indirect to direct questions or quotations, 230–31
in mood or voice, 229–30
in point of view (person and number), 226–28
in verb tense, 187, 189, 228–29
Ships, italics for names of, 457
Short stories, titles of
capitalizing, 474, 724
quotation marks for, 436
APA style, 724
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 601, 653
should, as modal verb, 348, 365, 367, 482–83
should of (nonstandard), 833
Showing, not telling, 55–56
sic, 446
in APA paper, 673
in Chicago paper, 749
in MLA paper, 572
Signal phrases
APA style, 674–78
Chicago style, 750–53
in literary analysis, 188, 192–93
MLA style, 573–78
Simile, 275
Simple sentences, 510
Simple subjects, 491
Simple tenses, 349–50, 360, 363
since, 833
Singular vs. plural
antecedents, 307–13
nouns, 295–307, 344–46, 377, 379
pronouns, 307–13
subjects, 295–307, 344–46
sit. See set, sit, 832
site. See cite, site, 822
Skimming. See Previewing
Slang, avoiding, 261–62
Slash
with lines of poetry, 190, 447–48
with paired terms, 448
so
comma with, 402–03
as coordinating conjunction, 488
Social class, in literature, questions to ask about, 180
Social media, citing
APA style, 687, 721–22
Chicago style, 778–79
MLA style, 593, 650–51
Social sciences, writing in, 790–99 See also APA papers
Software. See Word processing programs
some, 300
somebody, someone (singular), 300, 308–09, 833
something (singular), 833
sometime, some time, sometimes, 833
Songs, titles of, quotation marks for, 436
sort of. See kind of, sort of, 829
Sound-alike words. See Homophones
Sources. See also Web sources
citing. See Citing sources
documenting, 5–6, 46, 56. See also APA papers; Chicago papers; MLA papers
evaluating, 538–55
finding, 521–27
integrating, 56–57, 88–89
in APA papers, 671–79
in Chicago papers, 747–53
in literary analysis papers, 187–92
in MLA papers, 570–82
introducing. See Signal phrases
keeping records of, 531
list of. See Bibliography, Chicago style; Reference list (APA); Works cited list (MLA)
primary, 527, 546–47, 794
and purpose of research project, 516–23, 538–40
quoted in another source
in APA papers, 687
in Chicago papers, 763–64
in MLA papers, 593–94
responsibility and, 5–6, 518, 530–37, 569. See also Using sources responsibly
reviewer comments about, 56–57
scholarly, 527, 545, 794
secondary, 546–47, 794
selecting, 540–44
synthesizing
in APA papers, 678–79
in MLA papers, 569, 578–82
uses of, 538–40
in APA papers, 664–66
in Chicago papers, 741–43
in MLA papers, 559–61
of visuals, crediting, 43, 46
“So what?” test, 31–33, 114–15
Spacecraft, italics for names of, 457
Spacing. See Line spacing
Specific nouns, 270–71
the with, 377–80
Spelling, 459–68
Split infinitives, 221
Sponsor, of Web sources, 524–25, 549
in Chicago notes and bibliography, 774
in MLA works cited list, 601
Squinting modifiers, 220. See also Misplaced modifiers
Standard English, 261–62
Standard (US) units, abbreviations for, 451–52, 453
Statements contrary to fact, 355–56, 371
statistics (singular), 305
Statistics
in APA papers, 676
in argument papers, 162–63
in Chicago papers, 752–53
integrating, 88–89
in MLA papers, 577, 581
numerals for, 455
in social science papers, 794
Stereotypes, avoiding, 144, 268
Strategies for revising. See Revising with comments; Revision
Straw man fallacy, 153–54
Student essays. See Sample student writing
Study groups, 4
Subject, grammatical
and agreement with verb, 295–307
case of, 320
complete, 490–91
compound, 491
following verb, 247–48, 302–03, 387–88, 492, 498
identifying, 303
of infinitive, 322–23
naming the actor (active voice), 200–04, 498
naming the receiver (passive voice), 200–04, 499
pronoun as, 320
in questions, 492, 497
repeated, 388–89
required in sentences, 387–88
separated from verb, 220–21
simple, 491
singular vs. plural, 295–307
understood (you), 387, 492, 497
Subject, of paper. See Topic
Subject complements
adjectives as, 331–32, 493–94
case of pronouns as, 320
defined, 493
with linking verbs, 493–94
and subject-verb agreement, 303
Subjective case, of pronouns, 320
who vs. whom, 326–30
Subjects, of field research, 528
Subject-verb agreement. See Agreement of subject and verb
Subjunctive mood, 354–56. See also Conditional sentences
Subordinate clauses, 505–09
adjective (beginning with who, that, etc.), 506
adverb (beginning with if, when, where, etc.), 507–08
avoiding repeated elements in, 389–90
defined, 505, 510
fragmented, 280–81
with independent clauses, 511
minor ideas in, 241–42
misplaced, 219–20
noun, 508–09
and sentence types, 511
words introducing, 488–89, 506–09
Subordinate word groups, 499–509
Subordinating conjunctions, 488–89, 507
Subordination
for combining ideas of unequal importance, 234–35, 237, 239–40
and coordination, 239–40
for fixing choppy sentences, 235, 238
for fixing run-on sentences, 292
for fixing sentence fragments, 280-84
of major ideas, avoiding, 241–42
overuse of, 242–43
Subtitles of works
capitalizing, 474
APA style, 474, 692, 724, 727
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 601, 653
colon between title and, 428
such as
no colon after, 428
no comma after, 421
and sentence fragments, 283–84
Suffixes
hyphen before, 470
spelling rules for, 459–60
Summary
vs. analysis, 55–56, 119–20, 122, 136
in annotated bibliography, 554–55
in APA papers, 669–70, 674–78
in Chicago papers, 745–46, 750–53
integrating, 56–57, 88–89
in literary analysis papers, 185–86, 194–95
in MLA papers, 567–68, 573–78, 581
no quotation marks for, 435
and note taking, 534–35
outlining a text for, 115–16
writing, 118–19, 133–34
superior to (not than), 272
Superlative form of adjectives and adverbs (with -est or most), 334–36. See also Comparative form of adjectives and adverbs (with -er or more)
Support. See Evidence
suppose to (nonstandard), 833
sure and (nonstandard), 272, 833
Surveys, as information source, 529, 794
Syllables, division of words into
in dictionary, 464
hyphen for, 470–71
Synonyms, 269–70, 464–65
Synthesizing sources
in APA papers, 678–79
in MLA papers, 569, 578–82
responsibility and, 5–6, 569
T
Tables, using in documents, 43–46
in APA papers, 726, 734
in Chicago papers, 780–81
in MLA papers, 654
take. See bring, take, 822
Taking notes. See Note taking
Talking and listening
to generate ideas, 4, 25, 177–78
to improve English-language skills, 358
Talking back to a text, 112–14, 132
teach. See learn, teach, 829
Teacher’s comments, responding to. See Revising with comments
team. See Collective nouns
Teamwork. See Collaborative writing
Tenses, verb, 349–54
in active voice, 360–62
and agreement with subject, 295–307
in APA papers, 353, 674, 681
in Chicago papers, 750
conditional, 369–71
in the disciplines, 796
in literary analysis papers, 187, 189, 228, 352
in MLA papers, 574, 796
multilingual/ESL challenges with, 359–62, 369–71
in passive voice, 363–64
present
in writing about literature, 187, 189, 228, 352, 796
in writing about science, 352
sequence of, 353–54
shifts in, avoiding, 187, 189, 228–29
Text messages, MLA citation of, 650
Texts. See Multimodal texts; Visual texts; Written texts
than
in comparisons, 211–13
parallel structure with, 207–08
pronoun after, 322
than, then, 833
that
agreement of verb with, 304
broad reference of, 314–15
needed word, 208, 211
vs. which, 410, 833
vs. who, 317. See also who, which, that, 835
the. See also a, an
with geographic names, 384–85
multilingual/ESL challenges with, 375–86
omission of, 213, 384–85
with proper nouns, 384–85
their
misuse of, with singular antecedent, 226–28, 308–09, 311
vs. there, they’re, 834
vs. they, 834
theirselves (nonstandard), 833
Theme, in literature, questions to ask about, 180
them vs. they, 319–25
them vs. those, 833
then, than. See than, then, 833
the number, a number, 302
there, as expletive (placeholder)
not used as subject, 388
and sentence order (verb before subject), 387–88, 492, 498
and subject-verb agreement, 302–03
with verb, 387–88
and wordy sentences, 254
therefore
comma with, 412–13
semicolon with, 423–24
there, their, they’re, 834
Thesis
active reading for, 115
in analysis papers, 121–23, 137
in APA papers, 663–66
in argument papers, 159–60, 174
audience and, 30–33
in Chicago papers, 740–43
drafting, 30–32
effective, 30, 32–35, 121–23, 137
in essays, 29–36, 39–42, 61
evaluating, 32–35
in literary analysis papers, 181–83
in MLA papers, 557–63
of paragraph, 87–90
of research paper, 519–20
revising, 32–35, 53
“So what?” test, 31–33, 114–15
testing, 32–33, 114–15
working, 29–36
in APA papers, 663–64
in Chicago papers, 740–41
in literary analysis papers, 181–83
in MLA papers, 557–58
they
indefinite reference of, 316
vs. I or you, 226–28
misuse of, with singular antecedent, 308–09, 311
nonstandard for their, 834
vs. them, 319–25
they’re. See there, their, they’re, 834
think of, about (not on), 273
Third-person point of view, 64, 226, 796
this, broad reference of, 314–15
this kind. See kind(s), 829
Time
abbreviations for, 451
colon with, 428
managing, 515
numerals for, 455
Title page
for APA paper
formatting, 723, 809
sample, 729, 809
for Chicago paper
formatting, 779
sample, 783
for MLA paper (optional)
formatting, 652
Titles of persons
abbreviations with names, 450
capitalizing, 473
comma with, 415
Titles of works
capitalizing, 474
APA style, 474, 692, 724, 727
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 601, 653
italics for, 456–57
APA style, 692, 724, 727
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 601, 653
in literary analysis papers, 187
quotation marks for, 436
APA style, 692, 724, 727
Chicago style, 780
MLA style, 601, 653
treated as singular, 305
to
needed word, 208
as preposition vs. infinitive marker, 397–98
Tone (voice). See also Language
in argument paper, 159
in e-mail, 20, 817
and global revision, 57, 60–61
in research paper, 562–63
Topic
big picture for, 515–16
choosing, 10, 514
curiosity and, 10
exploring, 3, 14–15, 24–29
narrowing, 14–15, 516, 519–20
of research paper, 516, 516–21
working thesis and, 30–32
writing situation and, 12, 14–15
Topic sentence, 87–89, 184–85
to, too, two, 834
toward, towards, 834
Transfer fallacy, 150–51
Transitional expressions
commas with, 412–13
list of, 424
semicolon with, 423–24
Transitions, for coherence, 102–05
Transitive verbs, 364, 494, 498–99
Trite expressions. See Clichés
troop. See Collective nouns
try and (nonstandard), 273, 834
Tutorials. See Writing guides
Tutors, working with, 4. See also Reviewers; Revising with comments
Twitter (and other social media), citing
APA style, 687, 722
Chicago style, 779
MLA style, 593, 651
two. See to, too, two, 834
type of (not of a), 273
Typing. See Document design
U
ultimately. See eventually, ultimately, 825
Unclear thesis, revising, 53
Underlining. See Italics
Understood subject (you), 387, 492, 497
uninterested. See disinterested, uninterested, 824
unique, 335–36, 834
Units of measurement. See Measurement, units of
Unity. See Focus
Universal types (archetypes), in literature, questions to ask about, 181
Uploaded materials, MLA citation of, 604–05, 638–39, 642–43
URLs
citing
APA style, 694
Chicago style, 757, 781
MLA style, 603
clues in, 524–25
dividing, 471
APA style, 728
Chicago style, 757, 781
MLA style, 653, 655
usage, 834
Usage
glossary of, 818–35
labels in dictionary, 465
use to (nonstandard), 834
Using sources. See also Using sources responsibly
in APA papers, 664–66
in Chicago papers, 741–43
in MLA papers, 559–61
writing and, 539
Using sources responsibly, 5–6
altering quotations
in APA papers, 673
in Chicago papers, 749
in MLA papers, 572
crediting visuals, 46
documenting evidence, 162
copying from electronic files, 534
keeping notes and records, 43, 113, 530–37
providing context for sources, 569
reading critically, 546
Using the library. See Library resources
US standard units, abbreviations for, 451–52, 453
us vs. we, 319–25
utilize, 834
V
Vague thesis, revising, 53
Variety
in sentences, 245–50
in signal phrases
APA style, 677
Chicago style, 751
MLA style, 574
Verbal phrases, 501–02
fragmented, 282
gerund, 503
infinitive, 503–04
participial, 502–03
Verbs. See also Verbs, types of
active, 200–04, 360–62, 498–99
adverbs as modifiers of, 485–86
agreement with subjects, 295–307
be, forms of, vs. active, 202
compound predicates, 283
in conditional sentences, 369–71
-d, -ed ending on, 338, 346–47
defined, 482
followed by gerunds or infinitives, 372–75
forms of, 359–62, 368–69
mood of, 354–56
multilingual/ESL challenges with. See Multilingual writers, verbs
needed, 348
negative forms of, 368–69
without objects, 495–96
passive, 200–04, 362–65, 498–99
with prepositions (idioms), 399–400
separated from subjects, 220–21
-s form of, 295, 296–97, 344–45
shifts in tense, mood, voice, avoiding, 228–29
in signal phrases
APA style, 674, 677
Chicago style, 750–51
MLA style, 574
with singular vs. plural subjects, 344–46
standard forms of, 338–42
strong, vs. be and passive verbs, 200–04, 254
before subjects (inverted sentence), 247–48, 302–03, 387–88, 492
tenses of. See Tenses, verb
two-word, 483–84
voice of (active, passive), 200–04, 360–64, 498–99
Verbs, types of. See also Verbs
helping. See Helping verbs
intransitive (no direct object), 495–96
irregular, 338–43, 359, 483–84
linking, 331–32, 387, 493–94
main, 348, 349–56, 365, 483
modal (can, might, should, etc.). See Modal verbs
phrasal. See Particles, with verbs
regular, 338, 346–47, 359, 483
transitive (with direct object), 364, 494, 498–99
Video, online, citing
APA style, 716–17
Chicago style, 775
MLA style, 604–05, 636–37, 638–39
Video game, citing
APA style, 719
MLA style, 637
Viewpoints, differing, in arguments. See Counterarguments
Visuals, in documents. See also Visual texts
choosing, 43–45
citing, 43, 46
APA style, 716–21, 726
Chicago style, 775–79
MLA style, 635–48
in document design, 813
as evidence, 163–64, 794
labeling
APA style, 726, 734, 813
Chicago style, 780–81
MLA style, 654, 659
purposes for, 43–45, 163–64
types of (bar graph, flowchart, infographics, etc.), 44–45
Visual sources. See Multimedia sources, citing; Visuals, in documents
Visual texts (photo, ad, etc.). See also Visuals, in documents
analyzing, 127–32, 135–37
annotating, 130–31
conversing with, 132
sample paper analyzing, 137–41
writing about, 132–37, 790–91
Vocabulary, specialized, 795
Voice
active (preferred), 200–04, 360–64, 494
passive, 200–02, 362–65
shifts between active and passive, avoiding, 229–30
transforming active to passive, 498–99
Volume and issue numbers, in APA reference list, 693
W
wait for, wait on, 834
was vs. were
in conditional sentences, 369–71
and subject-verb agreement, 296, 346
and subjunctive mood, 354–56
ways, 835
we
vs. us, 319–25
vs. you or they, 226–28
weather, whether, 835
Weblog. See Blog
Web sources. See also Internet; URLs
abstracts of, 527, 544–45
authors of, identifying, 604–05
avoiding plagiarism from, 5–6, 534, 537
citation at a glance
APA style, 700–01, 714–15
Chicago style, 768–69, 776–77
MLA style, 612–13, 632–33
citing
APA style, 697–705, 712–22
Chicago style, 756–79
MLA style, 608–21, 631–51
course materials, 642–43
databases for, 523–24, 541
evaluating, 524–27, 541–42, 548–52
finding, 524–27
library catalog for, 523, 541
previewing, 516, 544
reposted sources, 638–39
saving copies of, 531
scanning, 541–42
search engines for, 524–27
selecting appropriate versions of, 544–45
topic directories for, 525
well, good, 333. See also good, well, 826
were, in conditional sentences, 354–56, 369
were vs. was. See was vs. were
when clauses, 369–71
where vs. that, 835
whether. See if, whether, 828; weather, whether, 835
whether . . . or, 207, 488
which
agreement of verb with, 304
broad reference of, 314–15
vs. that, 410, 833, 835
vs. who, 317. See also who, which, that, 835
while, 835
who
agreement of verb with, 304
omission of, 210
vs. which or that, 317. See also who, which, that, 835
vs. whom, 326–30, 835
who’s, whose, 432–33, 465, 835
who, which, that, 835
will, as modal verb, 348, 365, 367, 482–83
will, shall. See shall, will, 832
Wishes, subjunctive mood for, 356
Word groups. See Independent clauses; Phrases; Subordinate clauses
Wordiness, 252–56
Word processing programs
for annotating visual and multimodal texts, 130
and automatic division of words, 470–71
and keeping track of files, 48–49, 531
Words. See also Language; Spelling
abstract vs. concrete, 270–71
antonyms (opposites), 464–65
colloquial, 263, 465
compound, 464, 468–69
confused, 271–72. See also Glossary of usage
connotation and denotation of, 269–70
division of, 464, 470–71
foreign, italics for, 457
general vs. specific, 270–71, 377, 379
homophones (sound-alike), 465–66
invented, 261
meaning of, 269–70, 464–65
misuse of, 271–72
needed. See Needed words
obsolete, 261
origin of (etymology), 464–65
sound-alike. See Homophones
spelling of, 459–68
suffixes (endings of), 459–60, 470
synonyms (words with similar meanings), 269–70, 464–65
unnecessary repetition of, 252–53
using your own. See Paraphrases; Summary
as words
italics for, 458
plural of, 432
quotation marks for, 437
treated as singular, 305
Work in an anthology. See Anthology or collection, selection in
Working bibliography, 530–33
Working thesis. See Thesis, working
Works cited list (MLA)
directory to models for, 598–600
formatting, 654–55, 808
general guidelines for, 601–03
models for, 596–651
sample, 173, 198, 661, 808
Worn-out expressions. See Clichés
would, as modal verb, 348, 365, 367, 482–83
would of (nonstandard), 835
Writing groups, 4
Writing guides
analytical essay, 122–23
annotated bibliography, 554–55
argument essay, 174–75
literacy narrative, 78–79
reflective letter for a portfolio, 84–85
Writing in the disciplines, 790–804. See also Academic reading and writing; Genre
asking questions, 791–93
assignments
business proposal, 799–800
lab report, 801–02
nursing practice paper, 803–04
psychology literature review, 797–99
choosing a citation style, 795
language conventions, 795
using evidence, 793–94
Writing process
drafting, 39–48
planning, 11–49
revising, 57–65
Writing situation, 11–24
Writing tutors, working with, 4. See also Revising with comments
Written texts. See also Literature, writing about; Reading
analyzing, 115–24
annotating, 110–12, 114
conversing with, 112–14
engagement with, 108, 143–56, 176–77
sample papers analyzing, 124–27, 195–98
writing about, 118–24, 790–91
Y
yes, no, commas with, 414
yet
comma before, 402–03
as coordinating conjunction, 488
you
appropriate use of, 226, 316
inappropriate use of, 316–17, 835
vs. I or they, 226–28
and shifts in point of view, 226–28
understood, 387, 492, 497
your, you’re, 835
YouTube. See Video