Parts of speech

• A noun names a person, place, thing, or concept. It can also be used as an adjective modifying another noun.
  
• A pronoun substitutes for a noun. It can also be used as an adjective modifying a noun.
  

  Personal pronouns: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them

  Possessive pronouns: my, mine, your, yours, her, hers, his, its, our, ours, their, theirs

  Intensive and reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

  Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose

  Interrogative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, what

  Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those

  indefinite pronouns

  all	each	many	one
  another	either	neither	several
  any	everybody	nobody	some
  anybody	everyone	none	somebody
  anyone	everything	no one	someone
  anything	few	nothing	something
  both

  Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another

• A helping verb comes before a main verb.

  Modals: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would (also ought to)

  Forms of be: be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been

  Forms of have: have, has, had

  Forms of do: do, does, did

  (The forms of be, have, and do may also function as main verbs.)

• A main verb shows action or a state of being.
  

  A main verb will always change form when put into these positions in sentences:

  Usually I ___.	(walk, ride)
  Yesterday I ___.	(walked, rode)
  I have many ___ times before.	(walked, ridden)
  I am ___ right now.	(walking, riding)
  Usually he ___.	(walks, rides)

  The highly irregular verb be has eight forms: be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been.

• An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun, usually answering one of these questions: Which one? What kind of? How many? The articles a, an, and the are also adjectives.
  
• An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, usually answering one of these questions: When? Where? Why? How? Under what conditions? To what degree?
  
• A preposition indicates the relationship between the noun or pronoun that follows it and another word in the sentence.
  

  common prepositions

  about	besides	like	since
  above	between	near	than
  across	beyond	next	through
  after	but	next to	throughout
  against	by	of	till
  along	concerning	off	to
  along with	considering	on	toward
  among	despite	onto	under
  around	down	opposite	underneath
  as	during	out	unlike
  as well as	except	outside	until
  at	for	over	unto
  because of	from	past	up
  before	in	plus	upon
  behind	in addition to	rather than	with
  below	inside	regarding	within
  beside	into	respecting	without

• A conjunction connects words or word groups.

  Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet

  Subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even though, if, in order that, once, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, where, whether, while

  Correlative conjunctions: either . . . or; neither . . . nor; not only . . . but also; both . . . and; whether . . . or

  Conjunctive adverbs: accordingly, also, anyway, besides, certainly, consequently, conversely, finally, furthermore, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next, nonetheless, now, otherwise, similarly, specifically, still, subsequently, then, therefore, thus

• An interjection expresses surprise or emotion (Oh! Wow! ).