63d. Chicago documentation style
In history and some other humanities courses, you may be asked to use the documentation system of The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010). In Chicago style, superscript numbers (like this1) in the text of the paper refer readers to notes with corresponding numbers either at the foot of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the paper (endnotes). A bibliography is often required as well; it appears at the end of the paper and gives publication information for all the works cited in the notes.
text
A Union soldier, Jacob Thompson, claimed to have seen Forrest order the killing, but when asked to describe the six-foot-two general, he called him “a little bit of a man.”12
footnote or endnote
12. Brian Steel Wills, A Battle from the Start: The Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 187.
bibliography entry
Wills, Brian Steel. A Battle from the Start: The Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
First and later notes for a source
The first time you cite a source, the note should include publication information for that work as well as the page number for the passage you are citing.
1. Peter Burchard, One Gallant Rush: Robert Gould Shaw and His Brave Black Regiment (New York: St. Martin’s, 1965), 85.
For later references to a source you have already cited, you may simply give the author’s last name, a short form of the title, and the page or pages cited. A short form of the title of a book or another long work is italicized; a short form of the title of an article or another short work is put in quotation marks.
4. Burchard, One Gallant Rush, 31.
When you have two notes in a row from the same source, you may use “Ibid.” (meaning “in the same place”) and the page number for the second note. Use “Ibid.” alone if the page number is the same.
5. Jack Hurst, Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1993), 8.
6. Ibid., 174.
Chicago-style bibliography
A bibliography at the end of your paper lists the works you have cited in your notes; it may also include works you consulted but did not cite. See 63e for how to construct the list. See a sample bibliography.
note: If you include a bibliography, The Chicago Manual of Style suggests that you shorten all notes, including the first reference to a source, as described at the top of this page. Check with your instructor, however, to see whether using an abbreviated note for a first reference to a source is acceptable.
Directory to Chicago-style notes and bibliography entries
Model notes and bibliography entries
The following models are consistent with guidelines in The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. For each type of source, a model note appears first, followed by a model bibliography entry. The note shows the format you should use when citing a source for the first time. For subsequent citations of a source, use shortened notes (see above).
Some sources on the Web, typically periodical articles, use a permanent locator called a digital object identifier (DOI). Use the DOI, when it is available, in place of a URL in your citations of sources from the Web.
When a URL or a DOI must break across lines, do not insert a hyphen or break at a hyphen if the URL or DOI contains one. Instead, break after a colon or a double slash or before any other mark of punctuation.
General guidelines for listing authors
1. One author
1. Salman Rushdie, Joseph Anton: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 2012), 135.
Rushdie, Salman. Joseph Anton: A Memoir. New York: Random House, 2012.
2. Two or three authors For a work with two or three authors, give all authors’ names in both the note and the bibliography entry.
2. Bill O’Reilly and Martin Dugard, Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever (New York: Holt, 2012), 33.
O’Reilly, Bill, and Martin Dugard. Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever. New York: Holt, 2012.
3. Four or more authors For a work with four or more authors, in the note give the first author’s name followed by “et al.” (for “and others”); in the bibliography entry, list all authors’ names.
3. Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 4th ed. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012), 541.
Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia, and Bonnie G. Smith. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012.
4. Organization as author
4. Johnson Historical Society, Images of America: Johnson (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2011), 24.
Johnson Historical Society. Images of America: Johnson. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2011.
5. Unknown author
5. The Men’s League Handbook on Women’s Suffrage (London, 1912), 23.
The Men’s League Handbook on Women’s Suffrage. London, 1912.
6. Multiple works by the same author In the bibliography, arrange the entries alphabetically by title. Use six hyphens in place of the author’s name in the second and subsequent entries.
Winchester, Simon. The Alice behind Wonderland. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
------. Atlantic: Great Sea Battles, Heroic Discoveries, Titanic Storms, and a Vast Ocean of a Million Stories. New York: HarperCollins, 2010.
7. Editor
7. Teresa Carpenter, ed., New York Diaries: 1609-2009 (New York: Modern Library, 2012), 316.
Carpenter, Teresa, ed. New York Diaries: 1609-2009. New York: Modern Library, 2012.
8. Editor with author
8. Susan Sontag, As Consciousness Is Harnessed to Flesh: Journals and Notebooks, 1964-1980, ed. David Rieff (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012), 265.
Sontag, Susan. As Consciousness Is Harnessed to Flesh: Journals and Notebooks, 1964-1980. Edited by David Rieff. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012.
9. Translator with author
9. Richard Bidlack and Nikita Lomagin, The Leningrad Blockade, 1941-1944: A New Documentary from the Soviet Archives, trans. Marian Schwartz (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 26.
Bidlack, Richard, and Nikita Lomagin. The Leningrad Blockade, 1941-1944: A New Documentary from the Soviet Archives. Translated by Marian Schwartz. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.
Books and other long works
Citation at a glance: Book
10. Basic format for a book
a. Print
10. Mary N. Woods, Beyond the Architect’s Eye: Photographs and the American Built Environment (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), 45.
Woods, Mary N. Beyond the Architect’s Eye: Photographs and the American Built Environment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
b. E-book
10. Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2008), Nook edition, chap. 4.
Faust, Drew Gilpin. This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War. New York: Knopf, 2008. Nook edition.
c. Web (or online library)
10. Charles Hursthouse, New Zealand, or Zealandia, the Britain of the South (1857; HathiTrust Digital Library, n.d.), 2:356, http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006536666.
Hursthouse, Charles. New Zealand, or Zealandia, the Britain of the South. 2 vols. 1857. HathiTrust Digital Library, n.d. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b304920.
11. Edition other than the first
11. Josephine Donovan, Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions, 4th ed. (New York: Continuum, 2012), 86.
Donovan, Josephine. Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions. 4th ed. New York: Continuum, 2012.
12. Volume in a multivolume work If each volume has its own title, give the volume title first, followed by the volume number and the title of the entire work, as in the following examples. If the volumes do not have individual titles, give the volume and page number in the note (for example, 2:356) and the total number of volumes in the bibliography entry (see item 10c).
12. Robert A. Caro, The Passage of Power, vol. 4 of The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Knopf, 2012), 198.
Caro, Robert A. The Passage of Power. Vol. 4 of The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Knopf, 2012.
13. Work in an anthology
13. Janet Walsh, “Unequal in Africa: How Property Rights Can Empower Women,” in The Unfinished Revolution: Voices from the Global Fight for Women’s Rights, ed. Minky Worden (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2012), 161.
Walsh, Janet. “Unequal in Africa: How Property Rights Can Empower Women.” In The Unfinished Revolution: Voices from the Global Fight for Women’s Rights, edited by Minky Worden, 159-66. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2012.
14. Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword
14. Alice Walker, afterword to The Indispensable Zinn: The Essential Writings of the “People’s Historian,” by Howard Zinn (New York: New Press, 2012), 373.
Walker, Alice. Afterword to The Indispensable Zinn: The Essential Writings of the “People’s Historian,” by Howard Zinn, 371-76. New York: New Press, 2012.
15. Republished book
15. W. S. Blatchley, A Nature Wooing at Ormond by the Sea (1902; repr., Stockbridge, MA: Hard Press, 2012), 26.
Blatchley, W. S. A Nature Wooing at Ormond by the Sea. 1902. Reprint, Stockbridge, MA: Hard Press, 2012.
16. Book with a title in its title Use quotation marks around any title, whether a long or a short work, within an italicized title.
16. Claudia Durst Johnson, ed., Race in Mark Twain’s “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” (Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2009), 23.
Johnson, Claudia Durst, ed. Race in Mark Twain’s “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2009.
17. Work in a series The series name follows the book title.
17. Lois E. Horton, Harriet Tubman and the Fight for Freedom: A Brief History with Documents, Bedford Series in History and Culture (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2013), 35.
Horton, Lois E. Harriet Tubman and the Fight for Freedom: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford Series in History and Culture. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2013.
18. Sacred text Sacred texts are usually not included in the bibliography.
18. Matt. 20:4-9 (Revised Standard Version).
18. Qur’an 18:1-3.
19. Government document
19. United States Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Implications of the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 105th Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington, DC: GPO, 1998).
United States Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Implications of the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 105th Cong., 2nd sess. Washington, DC: GPO, 1998.
20. Unpublished dissertation
20. Stephanie Lynn Budin, “The Origins of Aphrodite” (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2000), 301-2, ProQuest (AAT 9976404).
Budin, Stephanie Lynn. “The Origins of Aphrodite.” PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2000. ProQuest (AAT 9976404).
For a published dissertation, italicize the title and give publication information as for a book.
21. Published proceedings of a conference Cite as a book, adding the location and dates of the conference after the title.
21. Stacey K. Sowards et al., eds., Across Borders and Environments: Communication and Environmental Justice in International Contexts, University of Texas at El Paso, June 25-28, 2011 (Cincinnati, OH: International Environmental Communication Association, 2012), 114.
Sowards, Stacey K., Kyle Alvarado, Diana Arrieta, and Jacob Barde, eds. Across Borders and Environments: Communication and Environmental Justice in International Contexts. University of Texas at El Paso, June 25-28, 2011. Cincinnati, OH: International Environmental Communication Association, 2012.
22. Source quoted in another source (a secondary source) Sometimes you will want to use a quotation from one source that you have found in another source. In your note and bibliography entry, cite whatever information is available about the original source of the quotation, including a page number. Then add the words “quoted in” and give publication information for the source in which you found the words. In the following examples, author John Matteson quotes the words of Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Matteson’s book includes a note with information about the Higginson book.
22. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Margaret Fuller Ossoli (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1890), 11, quoted in John Matteson, The Lives of Margaret Fuller (New York: Norton, 2012), 7.
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. Margaret Fuller Ossoli. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1890, 11. Quoted in John Matteson, The Lives of Margaret Fuller (New York: Norton, 2012), 7.
Articles and other short works
Citation at a glance: Article in a journal
Citation at a glance: Article from a database
23. Article in a journal Include the volume and issue numbers (if the journal has them) and the date; end the bibliography entry with the page range of the article. If an article in a database or on the Web shows only a beginning page, use a plus sign after the page number instead of a page range: 212+.
a. Print
23. Catherine Foisy, “Preparing the Quebec Church for Vatican II: Missionary Lessons from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1945-1962,” Historical Studies 78 (2012): 8.
Foisy, Catherine. “Preparing the Quebec Church for Vatican II: Missionary Lessons from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1945-1962.” Historical Studies 78 (2012): 7-26.
b. Web Give the DOI if the article has one; if there is no DOI, give the URL for the article. For unpaginated articles on the Web, you may include in your note a locator, such as a numbered paragraph or a heading from the article.
23. Anne-Lise François, “Flower Fisting,” Postmodern Culture 22, no. 1 (2011), doi:10.1353/pmc.2012.0004.
François, Anne-Lise. “Flower Fisting.” Postmodern Culture 22, no. 1 (2011). doi:10.1353/pmc.2012.0004.
c. Database Give one of the following pieces of information from the database listing, in this order of preference: a DOI for the article; or the name of the database and the article number, if any; or a “stable” or “persistent” URL for the article.
23. Patrick Zuk, “Nikolay Myaskovsky and the Events of 1948,” Music and Letters 93, no. 1 (2012): 61, Project Muse.
Zuk, Patrick. “Nikolay Myaskovsky and the Events of 1948.” Music and Letters 93, no. 1 (2012): 61-85. Project Muse.
24. Article in a magazine Give the month and year for a monthly publication; give the month, day, and year for a weekly publication. End the bibliography entry with the page range of the article. If an article in a database or on the Web shows only a beginning page, use a plus sign after the page number instead of a page range: 212+.
a. Print
24. Alan Lightman, “Our Place in the Universe: Face to Face with the Infinite,” Harper’s, December 2012, 34.
Lightman, Alan. “Our Place in the Universe: Face to Face with the Infinite.” Harper’s, December 2012, 33-38.
b. Web If no DOI is available, include the URL for the article.
24. James Verini, “The Tunnels of Gaza,” National Geographic, December 2012, http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/gaza-tunnels/verini-text.
Verini, James. “The Tunnels of Gaza.” National Geographic, December 2012. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/gaza-tunnels/verini-text.
c. Database Give one of the following from the database listing, in this order of preference: a DOI for the article; or the name of the database and the article number, if any; or a “stable” or “persistent” URL for the article.
24. Ron Rosenbaum, “The Last Renaissance Man,” Smithsonian, November 2012, 40, OmniFile Full Text Select (83097302).
Rosenbaum, Ron. “The Last Renaissance Man.” Smithsonian, November 2012, 39-44. OmniFile Full Text Select (83097302).
25. Article in a newspaper Page numbers are not necessary; a section letter or number, if available, is sufficient.
a. Print
25. Alissa J. Rubin, “A Pristine Afghan Prison Faces a Murky Future,” New York Times, December 18, 2012, sec. A.
Rubin, Alissa J. “A Pristine Afghan Prison Faces a Murky Future.” New York Times, December 18, 2012, sec. A.
b. Web Include the URL for the article; if the URL is very long, use the URL for the newspaper’s home page. Omit page numbers, even if the source provides them.
25. David Brown, “New Burden of Disease Study Shows World’s People Living Longer but with More Disability,” Washington Post, December 13, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/.
Brown, David. “New Burden of Disease Study Shows World’s People Living Longer but with More Disability.” Washington Post, December 13, 2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/.
c. Database Give one of the following from the database listing, in this order of preference: a DOI for the article; or the name of the database and the number assigned by the database; or a “stable” or “persistent” URL for the article.
25. “Safe in Sioux City at Last: Union Pacific Succeeds in Securing Trackage from the St. Paul Road,” Omaha Daily Herald, May 16, 1889, America’s Historical Newspapers.
“Safe in Sioux City at Last: Union Pacific Succeeds in Securing Trackage from the St. Paul Road.” Omaha Daily Herald, May 16, 1889. America’s Historical Newspapers.
26. Unsigned newspaper article In the note, begin with the title of the article. In the bibliography entry, begin with the title of the newspaper.
26. “Rein in Charter Schools,” Chicago Sun-Times, December 13, 2012, http://www.suntimes.com/.
Chicago Sun-Times. “Rein in Charter Schools.” December 13, 2012. http://www.suntimes.com/.
27. Article with a title in its title Use italics for titles of long works such as books and for terms that are normally italicized. Use single quotation marks for titles of short works and terms that would otherwise be placed in double quotation marks.
27. Karen Garner, “Global Gender Policy in the 1990s: Incorporating the ‘Vital Voices’ of Women,” Journal of Women’s History 24, no. 4 (2012): 130.
Garner, Karen. “Global Gender Policy in the 1990s: Incorporating the ‘Vital Voices’ of Women.” Journal of Women’s History 24, no. 4 (2012): 121-48.
28. Review If the review has a title, provide it immediately following the author of the review.
28. David Denby, “Dead Reckoning,” review of Zero Dark Thirty, directed by Kathryn Bigelow, New Yorker, December 24/31, 2012, 130.
Denby, David. “Dead Reckoning.” Review of Zero Dark Thirty, directed by Kathryn Bigelow. New Yorker, December 24/31, 2012, 130-32.
28. David Eggleton, review of Stalking Nabokov, by Brian Boyd, New Zealand Listener, December 13, 2012, http://www.listener.co.nz/culture/books/stalking-nabokov-by-brian-boyd-review/.
Eggleton, David. Review of Stalking Nabokov, by Brian Boyd. New Zealand Listener, December 13, 2012. http://www.listener.co.nz/culture/books/stalking-nabokov-by-brian-boyd-review/.
29. Letter to the editor Do not use the letter’s title, even if the publication gives one.
29. Andy Bush, letter to the editor, Economist, December 15, 2012, http://www.economist.com/.
Bush, Andy. Letter to the editor. Economist, December 15, 2012. http://www.economist.com/.
30. Article in a reference work (encyclopedia, dictionary, wiki) Reference works such as encyclopedias do not require publication information and are usually not included in the bibliography. The abbreviation “s.v.” is for the Latin sub verbo (“under the word”).
30. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. “Monroe Doctrine.”
30. Wikipedia, s.v. “James Monroe,” last modified December 19, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe.
30. Bryan A. Garner, Garner’s Modern American Usage, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), s.v. “brideprice.”
Garner, Bryan A. Garner’s Modern American Usage. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
31. Letter in a published collection Use the day-month-year form for the date of the letter. If the letter writer’s name is part of the book title, begin the note with only the last name but begin the bibliography entry with the full name.
Citation at a glance: Letter in a published collection
31. Dickens to Thomas Beard, 1 June 1840, in The Selected Letters of Charles Dickens, ed. Jenny Hartley (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 65.
Dickens, Charles. The Selected Letters of Charles Dickens. Edited by Jenny Hartley. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Web sources
For most Web sites, include an author if a site has one, the title of the site, the sponsor, the date of publication or the modified (update) date, and the site’s URL. Do not italicize a Web site title unless the site is an online book or periodical. Use quotation marks for the titles of sections or pages in a Web site. If a site does not have a date of publication or a modified date, give the date you accessed the site (“accessed January 3, 2013”).
32. An entire Web site
32. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, National Park Service, last modified November 25, 2012, http://www.nps.gov/choh/index.htm.
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. National Park Service. Last modified November 25, 2012. http://www.nps.gov/choh/index.htm.
33. Short work from a Web site
Citation at a glance: Primary source from a Web site
33. Dan Archer, “Using Illustrated Reportage to Cover Human Trafficking in Nepal’s Brick Kilns,” Poynter, last modified December 18, 2012, http://www.poynter.org/.
Archer, Dan. “Using Illustrated Reportage to Cover Human Trafficking in Nepal’s Brick Kilns.” Poynter, last modified December 18, 2012. http://www.poynter.org/.
34. Blog post Treat as a short work from a Web site (see item 33), but italicize the name of the blog. Insert “blog” in parentheses after the name if the word blog is not part of the name. If the blog is part of a larger site (such as a newspaper’s or an organization’s site), add the title of the site after the blog title. Do not list the blog post in the bibliography; but if you cite the blog frequently in your paper, you may give a bibliography entry for the entire blog.
34. Gregory LeFever, “Skull Fraud ‘Created’ the Brontosaurus,” Ancient Tides (blog), December 16, 2012, http://ancient-tides.blogspot.com/2012/12/skull-fraud-created-brontosaurus.html.
LeFever, Gregory. Ancient Tides (blog). http://ancient-tides.blogspot.com/.
35. Comment on a blog post In the bibliography entry here, the blog is given by title only because the blog has many contributors, not a single author.
35. Didomyk, comment on B.C., “A New Spokesman,” Pomegranate: The Middle East (blog), Economist, December 18, 2012, http://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2012/12/christians-middle-east.
Pomegranate: The Middle East (blog). Economist. http://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/.
Audio, visual, and multimedia sources
36. Podcast Treat as a short work from a Web site (see item 33), including the following, if available: the name of the author, speaker, or host; the title of the podcast, in quotation marks; an identifying number, if any; the title of the site on which it appears; the sponsor of the site; and the URL. Identify the type of podcast or file format; before the URL, give the date of posting or your date of access.
36. Peter Limb, “Economic and Cultural History of the Slave Trade in Western Africa,” Episode 69, Africa Past and Present, African Online Digital Library, podcast audio, December 12, 2012, http://afripod.aodl.org/.
Limb, Peter. “Economic and Cultural History of the Slave Trade in Western Africa.” Episode 69. Africa Past and Present. African Online Digital Library. Podcast audio. December 12, 2012. http://afripod.aodl.org/.
37. Online audio or video Cite as a short work from a Web site (see item 33). If the source is a downloadable file, identify the file format or medium before the URL.
37. Tom Brokaw, “Global Warming: What You Need to Know,” Discovery Channel, January 23, 2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcVwLrAavyA.
Brokaw, Tom. “Global Warming: What You Need to Know.” Discovery Channel, January 23, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcVwLrAavyA.
38. Published or broadcast interview
38. Jane Goodall, interview by Suza Scalora, Origin, n.d., http://www.originmagazine.com/2012/12/07/dr-jane-goodall-interview-with-suza-scalora.
Goodall, Jane. Interview by Suza Scalora. Origin, n.d. http://www.originmagazine.com/2012/12/07/dr-jane-goodall-interview-with-suza-scalora.
38. Julian Castro and Joaquin Castro, interview by Charlie Rose, Charlie Rose Show, WGBH, Boston, December 17, 2012.
Castro, Julian, and Joaquin Castro. Interview by Charlie Rose. Charlie Rose Show. WGBH, Boston, December 17, 2012.
39. Film (DVD, BD, or other format)
39. Argo, directed by Ben Affleck (Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Pictures, 2012).
Argo. Directed by Ben Affleck. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Pictures, 2012.
39. The Dust Bowl, directed by Ken Burns (Washington, DC: PBS, 2012), DVD.
The Dust Bowl. Directed by Ken Burns. Washington, DC: PBS, 2012. DVD.
40. Sound recording
40. Gustav Holst, The Planets, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by André Previn, Telarc 80133, compact disc.
Holst, Gustav. The Planets. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Conducted by André Previn. Telarc 80133, compact disc.
41. Musical score or composition
41. Antonio Vivaldi, L’Estro armonico, op. 3, ed. Eleanor Selfridge-Field (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1999).
Vivaldi, Antonio. L’Estro armonico, op. 3. Edited by Eleanor Selfridge-Field. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1999.
42. Work of art
42. Aaron Siskind, Untitled (The Most Crowded Block), gelatin silver print, 1939, Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City, MO.
Siskind, Aaron. Untitled (The Most Crowded Block). Gelatin silver print, 1939. Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City, MO.
43. Performance
43. Jackie Sibblies Drury, Social Creatures, directed by Curt Columbus, Trinity Repertory Company, Providence, RI, March 15, 2013.
Drury, Jackie Sibblies. Social Creatures. Directed by Curt Columbus. Trinity Repertory Company, Providence, RI, March 15, 2013.
Personal communication and social media
44. Personal communication Personal communications are not included in the bibliography.
44. Sara Lehman, e-mail message to author, August 13, 2012.
45. Online posting or e-mail If an online posting has been archived, include a URL. E-mails that are not part of an online discussion are treated as personal communication (see item 44). Online postings and e-mails are not included in the bibliography.
45. Ruth E. Thaler-Carter to Copyediting-L discussion list, December 18, 2012, https://list.indiana.edu/sympa/arc/copyediting-l.
46. Facebook post Facebook posts are not included in the bib-liography.
46. US Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Facebook page, accessed October 15, 2012, http://www.facebook.com/HUD.
47. Twitter post (tweet) Tweets are not included in the bib-liography.
47. National Geographic’s Twitter feed, accessed December 18, 2012, https://twitter.com/NatGeo.
hackerhandbooks.com/bedhandbook
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