Endocrine System

communicate via electrical and chemical signals

communicate via chemical signals (hormones)

endocrine

nervous

transported to target cells by the circulatory system

travel down axons and across synapses to target cells

endocrine

nervous

target cells are located at a distance

target cells are located nearby (across the synapse)

endocrine

nervous

responses are generally rapid and short-lived

responses are generally slower and long-lasting

endocrine

nervous

Hormones are chemical signals secreted by cells into the circulatory system that influence the actions of cells elsewhere in the body. There are two major types of hormones: steroid hormones and peptide/protein hormones.

Steroid hormones are synthesized from ________________ ,
whereas peptide/protein hormones are composed of ____________ ____ .

carbohydrates

cholesterol

nucleotides

amino acids

TRUE

FALSE

within the nucleus (site A)

within the plasma membrane (site B)

within the cytoplasm (site C)

either within the nucleus (site A) or within the cytoplasm (site C)

at any of the 3 sites shown

within the nucleus (site A)

within the plasma membrane (site B)

within the cytoplasm (site C)

either within the nucleus (site A) or within the cytoplasm (site C)

at any of the 3 sites shown

activate enzymes and other chemical pathways that can cause many different changes within the target cell

hormone-receptor complex may bind to DNA and influence gene expression

steroid hormones

peptide/protein hormones

anterior pituitary gland

The anterior pituitary develops from the hypothalamus and contains a large amount of nervous tissue.

Many of the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary direct endocrine glands elsewhere to release hormones.

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are produced by neurons within the hypothalamus but are released from the posterior pituitary.

The posterior pituitary develops from epithelial tissue and has a more glandular appearance than the anterior pituitary.

All of the above are true statements.

Oxytocin Targets

ADH Target

adrenal glands

parathyroid gland

uterus

brain

kidneys

mammary glands

Oxytocin Functions

ADH Functions

metabolic regulation

milk “let-down”

uterine contractions (during childbirth)

milk production

social attachments

water retention

Hormone

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

luteinizing hormone (LH)

prolactin

adrenocorticotropic hormone

growth hormone

Target

adrenal glands

liver (and other organs)

mammary glands

thyroid gland

ovaries/testes

stimulates release of chemicals important for bone, cartilage, and other tissue growth

stimulates production of thyroxine

triggers ovulation (females)/ stimulates testosterone production (males)

stimulates production of cortisol and other stress-related hormones

stimulates milk production

stimulates follicle development (females) / stimulates sperm maturation (males)

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

growth hormone

prolactin

follicle stimulating hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone

luteinizing hormone

adrenaline and cortisol

glucagon and insulin

parathyroid hormone

sex steroids: estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

parathyroid glands

gonads (ovaries in females)

gonads (testes in males)

parathyroid glands

gonads (ovaries in females)

gonads (testes in males)

adrenaline and cortisol

glucagon and insulin

parathyroid hormone

sex steroids: estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

parathyroid glands

gonads (ovaries in females)

gonads (testes in males)

higher than normal.

lower than normal.

Insulin causes the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream.

Insulin causes the liver, muscles, and other body cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream.

His blood sugar levels would increase.

His blood sugar levels would decrease.

His blood sugar levels would remain within a normal range.

Glucagon causes the body cells to take up glucose, thus raising blood glucose levels.

Glucagon causes the body cells (particularly muscle cells) to release glucose into the bloodstream, thus raising blood glucose levels.

Glucagon causes the liver to convert glucose to glycogen, thus raising blood glucose levels.

Glucagon causes the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream to raise blood glucose levels.

adrenaline and cortisol

parathyroid hormone

sex steroids: estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

insomnia, because thyroxine regulates sleep/wake cycles

osteoporosis and weakened bones, because thyroxine regulates calcium levels in the body

fatigue and weight gain, because thyroxine influences metabolic efficiency

ulcers, because thyroxine functions in the body’s stress response

adrenal glands and gonads

pancreas and pineal gland

thyroid gland and parathyroid glands

adrenal glands and parathyroid glands

pineal gland and thyroid gland

TRUE

FALSE