observing patterns in the distribution of living organisms all over the planet
examining life at the level of individual molecules such as DNA and proteins
using the scientific method to observe and investigate evolutionary mechanisms
analyzing growth, development, and body structures of major groups of organisms
studying physical evidence of organisms that lived long ago

molecular biology

biogeography

comparative anatomy & embrology

laboratory & field studies

fossil record

After studying the serrated teeth from a skull unearthed in Australia, researchers found that the ancient ancestor of the filter-feeding baleen whale was an aggressive predator that may have hunted sharks.
Researchers are monitoring a lake that has been a favorite spot of sport fishermen for decades. Over the years, fishermen habitually released smaller individuals back into the lake but kept all larger catches. Today, researchers are finding that the largest fish in the current population are 30% smaller on average than the largest individuals caught by fishermen 20 years ago.
An important gene that controls eye development in humans also controls eye development in fruit flies and mice. The same gene also is present in organisms without eyes.
Although the limbs of alligators, birds, and humans perform different functions, they all feature the same bones, albeit extensively modified. The similarities indicate that these organisms shared a common ancestor.
In the wild, polar bears live only in the Arctic. Although they share some characteristics with other bears, including grizzlies, polar bears possess an insulating coat of hollow, transparent hair that appears white against Arctic snow and ice, making them uniquely adapted to this environment.