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What does it mean to be “smart”? Why are some people “smarter” than others?

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Cognitive psychologists have shown that all humans share some fundamental similarities in the way we perceive our environment

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learn and remember information, think, solve problems, and use language.

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Yet there are differences among people in these cognitive processes:

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some individuals seem to do these things better or more effectively than others.

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We use the term “intelligence” to describe these individual differences in cognitive abilities.

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Intelligence tests attempt to measure people’s mental aptitudes and compare them to others through numerical scores.

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The result from an intelligence test is usually called an “IQ score”

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because the original tests computed an “intelligence quotient” by dividing a person’s “mental age”

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as calculated from the test score, by that person’s chronological age.

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Even though that method is obsolete, we continue to use the term “IQ” as a synonym for intelligence.