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Erik Erikson claimed that the identity crisis (the struggle to form an individual identity)

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was the chief challenge of adolescence.

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James Marcia built on Erik Erikson’s work by proposing that identity formation has two dimensions:

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exploration (the degree to which a person explores and struggles with identity)

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and commitment (how committed person is to choices about goals, values, and beliefs).

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Marcia proposed four categories of identity formation.

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In diffusion, individuals are apathetic and lack direction.

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In foreclosure, individuals have formed commitments based on the expectations of parents or others.

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Moratorium is a time of exploring life options while putting off any final decisions.

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Individuals who have reached identity achievement have committed to specific elements of identity following a period of exploration.

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Researchers have found that diffusion and foreclosure are more common in early adolescence.

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Most college students have progressed beyond these categories to moratorium or to identity achievement status.