figure 16.7 Gene–environment interaction and antisocial behavior Genes and the environment interact in the development of antisocial behavior. Children who possess a genetic predisposition to the disorder and also experience severe maltreatment are most likely to display antisocial behavior later in life (Caspi et al., 2002). (The z-scores indicate how far people’s scores are from the overall average score, among all people in the study; see the Statistics Appendix.)