figure 7.2 Little Albert Rosalie Raynor, Little Albert, and John Watson (with mask), the experimenters and participant in the first study of the classical conditioning of emotions in a human being. Watson showed a variety of stimuli, such as this mask, to Little Albert to determine which of them elicited fear before and after conditioning. Today, psychologists question both the ethics and the substance of Watson’s study (Fridlund et al., 2012), as well as the identity of the child known as Little Albert (Powell et al., 2014). Nevertheless, historically, it was a highly influential report on the power of classical conditioning to shape human emotional reactions.