“And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul” (Genesis 2:7). Dualism is at least as old as the Old Testament. In the biblical story of humans’ creation, as depicted here by Michelangelo, Adam consists of two parts: a material body (“formed … of the dust”) and a nonmaterial soul (that is “breathed into” the body). The soul that makes Adam a thinking being, then, does not depend on the body for its existence. (It is also of interest that, in Michelangelo’s depiction, God and his contingent are roughly the same shape as the human brain.)