cervone1e

Question 1

Which of the following could be an unconditioned stimulus for fear?

An electric shock

A snake

A spider

A rat

Question 2

Which of the following concepts or studies can best explain how individuals may acquire phobias?

Bandura’s “Bobo doll” study

Conditioned taste aversion (the Garcia effect)

Watson and Rayner’s Little Albert study

Kandel’s work with Aplysia

Question 3

In the process of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is often the same as the unconditioned response. What changes now is that the CR is ______.

triggered by the CS

triggered by the US

followed by the CS

followed by the US

Question 4

According to Garcia and Koelling’s research on conditioned taste aversion, you could be conditioned to dislike a given food (CS), even if it were paired with a US

only once.

after a delay.

repeatedly.

Both a and b are correct.

Question 5

You learned pottery by watching your teacher, which is an example of ______. As you practiced, you derived immense satisfaction from improvements in your pots and consequently, you got quite good at it, which is an example of ______.

operant conditioning; observational learning

observational learning; operant conditioning

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Question 6

Punishment is to ______ a behavior as reinforcement is to ______ a behavior.

modifying; altering

continuing; discontinuing

modifying; discontinuing

discontinuing; continuing

Question 7

You opened an umbrella when it started to rain because, when you’ve done so in the past, the rain stopped falling on you. This is an example of ______.

positive punishment

negative reinforcement

positive reinforcement

negative punishment

Question 8

Bringing an umbrella with you every day is a behavior that is reinforced on which of the following schedules?

Variable interval

Variable ratio

Fixed interval

Fixed ratio

Question 9

Redeeming coupons is a behavior that is reinforced on which of the following schedules?

Variable interval

Variable ratio

Fixed interval

Fixed ratio

Question 10

You would like to continue to foster a love of reading in your 9-year-old cousin. She is already an avid reader. What should you do?

Leave her alone; she is intrinsically motivated.

Give her a reward for every book she reads.

Leave her alone; she is extrinsically motivated.

Give her a reward for every third book she reads.

Question 11

You walked into the family den on Thanksgiving to find everyone staring at the football game on television, so you waited until a commercial before starting a conversation. In this scenario, your decision to remain quiet was signaled by a

conditioned stimulus.

discriminative stimulus.

negative reinforcer.

positive reinforcer.

Question 12

Jonah would be much happier if his roommate would learn to put his dishes in the sink. According to research described in this chapter, what technique will be most effective in this regard?

Any sort of punishment; teach him what not to do.

Observational learning; just keep modeling the appropriate behavior.

Shaping; reward him for getting successively closer to the goal.

Classical conditioning; teach him to fear dirty dishes.

Question 13

If Skinner had been right, after the children in Bandura’s (1965) Bobo doll studies observed the model interact with Bobo, what behaviors would they have engaged in?

Whatever behaviors they found personally reinforcing

The same as those of the model, but only if she had been reinforced

Whatever behaviors they found personally punishing

The same as those of the model, but only if she had been punished

Question 14

Which of the following findings contradict what Skinner would have predicted?

There are biological constraints on learning.

Reinforced behaviors tend to recur.

Children who are spanked later become more aggressive.

Both a and c contradict Skinner’s predictions.

Question 15

Which of the following findings, if true, would support the idea that mirror neurons are highly specialized? Neural activity in monkeys’ brains was similar when they picked up a piece of food and when they

observed a hand making a grasping movement when there was no food in sight.

observed another monkey pick up a piece of food.

observed a piece of food being picked up by pliers instead of a hand.

merely observed a piece of food

Chapter 7 Self-Test