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Chapter 11 Self-Test

Question 1

With which of Maslow’s claims do contemporary researchers find fault?

Humans are driven by a self-actualization need.

The needs form a fixed hierarchy.

Everyone has a need to belong.

Safety needs are universal.

Question 2

Which of the following behaviors is explained by set-point theory?

After a day of judging science fair projects, Al realizes he missed lunch.

Sunny didn’t finish eating the large lunch her dad packed for her because she was full.

After a big meal, Marty sees his roommates eating popcorn and helps himself to some.

Aliza orders a second dessert in spite of her mother’s glare.

Question 3

What does research on the effects of testosterone on sexual desire reveal?

The more testosterone one has, the greater the sexual desire.

Among those with hypogonadism, testosterone increased sexual desire.

The more testosterone one has, the greater the sexual desirability.

Testosterone levels predict sexual desire in men only.

Question 4

Callie was excellent at darts, so when she challenged her friend Erik to a game, she gave him the opportunity to pick how far away he stood from the dartboard. Consider the study by Atkinson and Litwin (1960) described in the text in which people high and low in the need to achieve and to avoid failure got to stand wherever they wanted relative to a target. If Erik was high in the need to achieve and low in the need to avoid failure, where would he choose to stand?

Ridiculously close (no challenge at all)

Very close (very little challenge)

A middle distance so it’s not clear whether he will miss (some challenge)

Very far (too much challenge)

Question 5

Imagine you wanted to motivate your younger brother to do a good job keeping his room tidy. One way to do so might be to increase his sense of autonomy. Which of the following could help you achieve that end?

Give him step-by-step instructions for how to keep his room tidy.

Provide him with a checklist of tasks that need to be completed.

Describe your expectations and let him choose how he will meet them.

Each time he gets successively closer to the goal, reinforce him.

Question 6

According to research described in the text, which of the following statements is false?

Experimental research indicates that oxytocin has been shown to universally increase trust and helping.

Oxytocin decreases trust toward people who appear to be part of a nonthreatening social group.

Among people low in social skills, oxytocin increases the ability to accurately infer the emotional state of others.

Oxytocin causes people to recall more positive memories of their mothers, but only if they were anxious about their relationship with her.

Question 7

Which of the following words is most synonymous with personal agency?

“Motivation”

“Belonging”

“Hedonism”

“Autonomy”

Question 8

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Considering the specificity, level of challenge, and proximity of the following goal statements, which would be most motivating?

“I’d like to lose 12 pounds this week.”

“I’d like to lose 12 pounds in 3 months.”

“I’d like to lose 1 pound per week for 3 months.”

“I’d like to lose some weight in the next 3 months.”

Question 9

You’ve just failed a math exam. Considering Carol Dweck’s research on mindsets, which of the following thoughts could keep you from becoming discouraged about your future math performance?

“I tried my best, but I’m just not good at math and that’s that.”

“It’s clear to my teacher that I didn’t inherit a gene for math skill.”

“I sure did blow it. I wonder what I can do to learn the material.”

“Well, at least I’m blessed with good reading and writing skills.”

Question 10

Which of the following is true of autonomy?

It is defined as the need to be competent and able to influence events.

It increases motivation among people of all cultures.

It cannot be reduced by external rewards.

In classroom contexts, it can increase interest in school material.

Question 11

Sophia and Bella joined the local orchestra and had their first performance. During practice, they performed equally well, but on the day of the show, Bella made several mistakes, whereas Sophia played better than she ever had. Considering Zajonc’s work on social facilitation, which of the following could best explain this difference?

Sophia is well practiced in violin, whereas Bella is not.

Sophia is taking advantage of an opportunity to engage in social loafing.

Bella is well practiced in violin, whereas Sophia is not.

Bella is taking advantage of an opportunity to engage in social loafing.

Question 12

According to research described in the text, what do grades measure?

Intelligence only

Autonomy and intelligence

Intelligence and self-discipline

Self-discipline and autonomy

Question 13

Which of the following motives and motivational orientations is categorized as an approach motivation?

Need to avoid failure

Prevention

Need for punishment

Promotion

Question 14

What is the key function of the behavioral inhibition system?

To motivate the organism to seek out novel stimuli

To motivate the system to seek out rewards

To motivate the system to attend to environmental threats

To motivate the system to avoid rewards at all costs

Question 15

Cocaine increases the activity of which of the following chemicals in the reward center of the brain?

Serotonin

Dopamine

Testosterone

Oxytocin