cervone1e

Chapter 13 Self-Test

Question 1

Though you would describe yourself as outgoing, there are situations in which your confidence decreases and you therefore appear very shy. This situational variability in your outward behavior highlights the need for personality psychologists to distinguish between _____ and _____, that is, between the stable traits and dynamic qualities of people.

thought; expression

actual self; ideal self

id; superego

structures; processes

Question 2

In a flash of insight, you realize that the reason you’re being so nice to your sister is that you feel guilty for having secretly wished her bad luck earlier. This insight was possible due to the fact that the _____ is/are partly available to consciousness.

ego

superego

ego and superego

id and ego

Question 3

According to Freud, fixation is caused by either too much gratification or too little gratification at a given stage of development. This suggests that, theoretically, fixation

should be common.

should be rare.

is impossible.

is only possible at the oral stage.

Question 4

Allie claims that Bruce has a big crush on her and she goes to great lengths to demonstrate how much she dislikes him. She is likely engaging in the defense mechanisms of _____ and _____ to protect herself from the possibility that she is sexually attracted to him.

sublimation; projection

projection; sublimation

projection; reaction formation

reaction formation; projection

Question 5

Which of the following is untrue of projective tests?

They consistently predict important outcomes.

They are slow to administer, relative to other assessments.

Their scoring is very subjective.

They can consist of ambiguous images.

Question 6

Discrepancies between the actual and ideal self cause distress, but theoretically they may also motivate us to

become more like our ideal selves.

seek out conditions of worth from others.

become more like our actual selves.

seek out opportunities to engage in defense.

Question 7

Why would Freud not be interested in using the Q-sort to assess his structures of personality?

The Q-sort was designed to measure the unconscious, which was of little interest to Freud.

The Q-sort takes a long time to administer, and Freud favored quick and efficient assessment techniques.

The Q-sort was designed to measure aspects of the self that people can consciously reflect upon, which was of little interest to Freud.

The Q-sort is not a valid assessment technique, and Freud valued the validity of his measures above all else.

Question 8

Research on cultural differences in self-esteem indicate that Americans report having higher self-esteem than do Japanese. As a consequence, when American students receive negative feedback on an exam, they question the validity of the test, whereas Japanese students question their understanding of the material. What is the implication?

Japanese students will be motivated by the negative feedback to work harder, but American students won’t.

American students will be motivated by the negative feedback to work harder, but Japanese students won’t.

Both Japanese and American students will be motivated by the negative feedback to work harder.

Japanese policy makers should consider putting programs in place that will increase their students’ self-esteem.

Question 9

According to the logic behind the use of factor analysis, if people who score high on the trait altruistic also score high on the traits trusting and modest, then

their scores were caused by one trait: extraversion.

their scores were caused by one trait: agreeableness.

their scores were caused by two traits: extraversion and agreeableness.

the meaning of their scores is inconclusive.

Question 10

Recent research on the Big Five using the statistical technique network analysis indicates that

the Big Five continue to fall into five separate “clumps,” just as they do when factor analysis is used.

when test items are correlated, it’s because they cause each other, not because they are caused by one of the Big Five.

when test items are correlated, it’s because they are caused by one of the Big Five.

the Big Five continue to be distinct, even when moving from factor analysis to network analysis.

Page 599

Question 11

Research on the differences in cortical arousal of introverts and extraverts suggests that

shy people may avoid parties because they do not provide enough arousal.

shy people may avoid parties because they provide too much arousal.

shy people may seek out parties because they provide enough arousal.

shy people would seek out parties if they were more arousing.

Question 12

Unlike _____, who believed that personality development was largely fixed by age 6, _____ stressed the idea that individuals have personal agency, and can influence the course of their development throughout their lives.

Bandura; Freud

Bandura; Mischel

Freud; Bandura

Freud; Eysenck

Question 13

The importance of self-referent cognitions can be summarized best by which of the following statements?

People have personal agency and can direct their behavior toward positive life changes.

People think about themselves, and these thoughts influence other thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

People vary in their behavior from situation to situation, and these changes are integral to personality.

People learn much of their behavior not through trial and error, but by modeling others.

Question 14

Implicit measures such as the implicit association test are based on the logic that

when people interpret ambiguous stimuli, their responses will tell you something about their unconscious.

when people fill out self-report measures, they provide information about their self-referent cognitions.

when people take a long time to respond to a test item, they may be revealing something about themselves.

when people are allowed to freely discuss whatever comes to mind, they will eventually reveal something about themselves.

Question 15

Research using the if … then … procedure for assessing personality in context indicated that children differed from one another in the situations that provoked aggression. Which aspect of trait theory does this finding call into question?

Trait theory’s insistence that traits are biologically based

Trait theory’s insistence that traits are entirely shaped by the environment

Trait theory’s insistence that traits should be consistent from situation to situation

Trait theory’s insistence that traits should vary from situation to situation