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Chapter 14 Self-Test

Question 1

Five-year-old Brandi’s sharing schema led her to walk up and down the aisle of the train, offering sticks of gum to strangers. Her mother dragged her back to her seat and angrily explained that there are some circumstances under which it is not okay to share. In this example, the environmental feedback from her mother led to

assimilation.

accommodation.

object permanence.

conservation.

Question 2

The “concrete” in the concrete operational stage of development refers to

actual objects.

animate objects.

inanimate objects.

hypothetical objects.

Question 3

Which of the following behaviors violates what Piaget would have predicted?

A child in the preoperational stage watches someone pour water from a low, squat pitcher into a tall, thin pitcher and claims that the second pitcher holds more water.

A child in the concrete operational stage can solve basic computational problems (e.g., 3 + 4 = 7) but has trouble with algebra because it involves abstract concepts.

A child in the sensorimotor stage of development seems surprised when the string attached to the pull-toy he wants falls off with the slightest tug.

A child early in the sensorimotor stage appears to believe that a doll no longer exists when a blanket is thrown over it.

Question 4

Which of the following does not accurately compare Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of development?

According to Vygotsky, Piaget’s theory ignored social and cultural factors that influence development.

Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky thought that children should be characterized according to both their current and potential levels of development.

Piaget and Vygotsky both believed that children possess innate input analyzers, biologically inherited mental mechanisms that help them think.

Piaget’s theory characterizes development as something that happens as an individual process, whereas Vygotsky characterizes it as a socially embedded process.

Question 5

Alfred and Brian are identical twins who were raised separately. Alfred was raised in an enriched environment that gave him access to the arts, music, sports, and other activities. Brian’s environment was much less enriched. He lived in an impoverished area and didn’t have access to the kinds of activities Alfred did. How has this difference in environments likely affected their brains?

Alfred’s cerebral cortex is thinner.

Alfred’s brain cells are more highly connected with each other.

Alfred’s brain cells are covered by less myelin.

Alfred’s and Brian’s brains do not differ from each other.

Question 6

Given what is known about each of Piaget’s stages of development and of brain development, what area of the brain would be expected to develop first?

Parietal cortex

Prefrontal cortex

Temporal cortex

Sensorimotor cortex

Question 7

Which of the following is true of temperament?

It is inherited, shows remarkable stability across time, and cannot change.

It is inherited, and though it tends to be stable across time, it can change.

It is not inherited, but once acquired, it tends to be stable across time.

It is not inherited, and once acquired, it tends to change quite a bit across time.

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Question 8

Parental attachment shapes our expectations for future relationships. What do individuals with an avoidant attachment style tend to expect from others?

That they cannot be relied on as a source of security and comfort.

That they can be relied on to provide security, but not comfort.

That they can be relied on to provide too much security and comfort.

That they can be relied on as a source of security and comfort.

Question 9

Siblings affect our development directly and indirectly. Which of the following is an example of an indirect effect of a sibling on development?

An older brother explains to his sister how to figure out who can be trusted.

A pitcher’s speed increases as a result of doing pitching drills with his brother.

A smart sibling is sent to private school while her sister attends public school.

A sibling takes her brother’s advice to sing a happy song whenever she feels blue.

Question 10

What did the results of the experiment conducted at Perry Preschool demonstrate regarding the protective effects of preschool interventions on development among those low in socioeconomic status?

This experiment is still in progress, so we do not yet know the effects of such interventions.

Enriched high-quality education programs can have long-lasting effects, including higher graduation rates.

The effects of enriched high-quality education programs are too short-lived to justify the costs.

The effects of enriched high-quality education programs are too small to justify the costs.

Question 11

Which of the following factors has been shown to have little to no influence on self-esteem?

Adoption

Temperament

Acceptance by parents

Parental discipline style

Question 12

Which of the following is a feature of Magnusson’s findings on the effect of early biological maturation on antisocial behavior that supports a biopsychosocial model?

The effect of early maturation was the same for all girls.

There was no effect of early maturation on antisocial behavior.

The effect of girls’ early maturation on antisocial behavior depended on how puberty was measured.

The effect of girls’ early maturation depended on whether they hung out with older peers.

Question 13

“I just started college last semester and right away, I started getting pressured by my mom to declare a major. She wants me to major in business, but I want to major in psychology because, after thinking about it a lot, I really believe I can make a difference in people’s lives after studying it. The whole ordeal has me so mixed up and anxious that right now, I’ve kind of given up and I’m just taking my required classes ’til I can figure things out.” Which of Marcia’s identity statuses is exemplified by this student’s lament?

Identity achievement

Foreclosure

Identity diffusion

Moratorium

Question 14

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following options will be most attractive to an older adult?

Working out with a personal trainer who specializes in older populations

Having lunch with a professor with a PhD in mathematics

Attending a talk by a renowned physicist

Spending the day with grandchildren

Question 15

Rafael was enraged to find that his sister hadn’t been punished for sneaking cookies into bed with her. At what moral stage is he according to Kohlberg?

Preconventional level

Periconventional level

onventional level

Postconventional level