Sources for By the Numbers
Chapter 1
S-1
Total number of bachelor’s degrees granted by major: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
Technology company CEO majors: “Study Finds Most Likely Tech Sector CEO Is Dave the Ivy League Ex-Yahoo Econ Major,” Forbes, September 28, 2012.
Fortune 100 company CEO majors: “The Education of Fortune 100 CEOs,” Curran Career Consulting, January 2011.
Percent of Fortune 500 companies founded by immigrants or their children: “The ‘New American’ Fortune 500,” Partnership For a New American Economy, June 2011.
Average percentage of income spent on various categories: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Median salaries for economics jobs: Payscale.com
Chapter 2
Farm productivity yields: Crop Quick Stats, National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Cost of firing workers: “You’re Fired: What It Costs to Sack a Worker,” The Economist, September 16, 2008.
U.S. Trade balance: U.S. Department of Commerce.
American attitudes on environment and economic growth: “Who Cares? Don’t Count on Public Opinion to Support Mitigation,” The Economist, December 3, 2009.
Chapter 3
Gaming revenues by state: State of the States: The AGA Survey of Casino Entertainment, American Gaming Association.
Prices of precious metals: cnbc.com
Total value of the worldwide virtual goods market: “Virtual goods revenue to hit $7.3 billion this year,” Bloomberg Business Week, November 15, 2010.
Total number of water bottles consumed: Beverage Marketing Corporation, www.beveragemarketing.com
Total sales of bottled water: Beverage Marketing Corporation, www.beveragemarketing.com
College and university enrollment: National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, U.S. Department of Education.
Chapter 4
Rent control price differences: Author estimates using available market data.
Federal telephone support by state: Universal Service Monitoring Report, CC Docket 98-202, Table 1.13, www.FCC.gov
Total U.S. farm support: Farm Subsidy Database, The Environmental Working Group, farm.ewg.org
Minimum wage by state: U.S. Department of Labor.
U.S. farm subsidies: Farm Subsidy Database, The Environmental Working Group, farm.ewg.org
Chapter 5
Elasticity of various goods: Compiled from numerous studies reporting estimates for price elasticity of demand.
Elasticity of food by country: Cross-price elasticities of demand across 114 countries, U.S. Department of Agriculture, March 2010.
Alternative fuels: AutoblogGreen, green.autoblog.com/2010/03/06/u-s-annual-energy-outlook-predicts-alternative-vehicles-wont
Parking alternatives: David A. Hensher and Jenny King (2001), “Parking Demand and Responsiveness to Supply, Price and Location in Sydney Central Business District,” Transportation Research Part A, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 2001, pp. 177–196.
Average rise in public university tuition: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
Average fall in international calling rates: Author calculation using data from the Federal Communications Commission.
Chapter 6
U.S. distribution of household budgets: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Consumer expenditures in various categories: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Total number of passenger cars: U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation.
Charitable donations: www.givingUSA.com
Organic foods sales: 2012 Organic Industry Survey, Organic Trade Association.
NBA Jerseys: “Top-Selling NBA Jerseys in the United States and Internationally,” Forbes, June 21, 2012.
Chapter 7
The cost of industrial robots: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Productivity rates: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Revenue needed to support new semiconductor plant: Author estimate based on various sources.
Time spent on government paperwork: U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov
Apple iPad cost breakdown: Digital Manufacturing: How It’s Made, www.manufacturingdigital.com/news_archive/tags/apple/apple-ipa
Online flight bookings: U.S. Department of Transportation.
Online flight check-ins: Airline IT Trends Survey, SITA www.sita.aero/surveys-reports/industry-surveys-reports/airline-it-trends-survey-2012
Chapter 8
Farm and farm-related employment by region: U.S. Department of Agriculture, maps.ers.usda.gov/mapimages/ers_reg_color.jpg
Top tea producers: Tip Top Tens, www.tiptoptens.com/2011/05/07/top-10-tea-producing-countries
World tea production: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
World coffee production: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
Average price of soybeans, wheat, and corn: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Chapter 9
Television viewership by championship: Compiled using various media reports.
S-2
Most expensive drugs: www.forbes.com/2010/02/19/expensive-drugs-cost-business-healthcare-rare-diseases.html
Cost of a ride on Virgin Galactic: www.virgingalactic.com
Windows market share: www.netmarketshare.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx?qprid=10&qpcustomd=0
Electricity demand: U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/MT_electric.cfm
Chapter 10
Largest fast-food chains: “The Most Popular Fast Food Restaurants in America,” Business Insider, July 12, 2012.
Wireless market share: US Wireless Data Market Q1 2011 Update, Chetan Sharma Consulting, www.chetansharma.com
Total number of marathons in the United States: www.MarathonGuide.com
Total number of Nike shoe models produced: www.Solepedia.com
Largest and smallest universities and colleges in the United States: Individual university websites and TopTenz.net
Chapter 11
Pay for undergraduate majors: 2010–11 College Salary Report, Payscale.com
Average salary for women compared to men: “Female Grads Earn $8,000 Less Than Men,” CNNMoney, October 23, 2012.
Average cost of benefits as a percent of salary for full-time workers: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Average starting salaries for various professions: NACE 2011 Survey, National Association of Colleges and Employers.
Percent of workers with flexible work hours: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Projected job growth by state: “Which States Are Poised for Job Growth?” The Wall Street Journal, October 20, 2011.
Chapter 12
Percentage of high school graduates enrolling in college and percentage of college graduates pursuing postgraduate degrees: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
Total number of patents granted in 1980 and 2012: U.S. Patent Statistics Report, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
U.S. venture capital funds by year: Dow Jones Financial Information Services; Thomson Reuters; National Venture Capital Association.
Length of high-speed rail track by country: International Union of Railways.
Chapter 13
Hybrid car sales by year: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center; U.S. Department of Energy.
Number of electric bicycles in China: “An Electric Boost for Bicyclists,” The New York Times, January 31, 2010.
Increase in wind energy generated in the United States: U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.
Annual savings from the use of compact fluorescent bulbs: Energy Star, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Acres of arable land per person in the United States and China: World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
Amount of solid waste by product (recovered and not recovered): Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2011, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Average gasoline tax in the United States: American Petroleum Institute.
Average gasoline tax in Britain: Fuel Duty Rates, HM Revenue & Customs.
European Union Atlantic cod catch by year: European Commission, EU Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products.
Wind generation capacity by state: AWEA 4th Quarter 2012 Public Market Report, American Wind Energy Association.
Chapter 14
Which device can you not live without?: The New York Times and Forrester Research.
Internet penetration rates: Internet World Stats, www.internetworldstats.com.
Number of Google Plus users: Google Blog, googleblog.blogspot.com
Number of Facebook users: Facebook, Inc.
Word processing market share: Author estimate based on available market data.
Number of online movie downloads and streaming views: “Internet To Surpass DVD in Movie Consumption, Not Revenue,” The Los Angeles Times, March 23, 2012.
Chapter 15
U.S. poverty threshold: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce.
U.S. minimum wage: Wage and Hour Division, U.S. Department of Labor.
Poverty rates across the world: The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
Number of Medicaid recipients: Medicaid Spending and Enrollment Detail for CBO’s May 2013 Baseline, Congressional Budget Office.
Average monthly U.S. housing subsidy: Author calculation using budget and recipient data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Percentage of Americans receiving food stamps: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Data System, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Chapter 16
U.S. unemployment rate and real GDP growth by year: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce; Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
U.S. savings rate by year: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
U.S. gross domestic product: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Gross world product: World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
State unemployment rates: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
U.S. Index of Housing Prices: Standard and Poor’s Case-Shiller Home Price Indices.
Chapter 17
The Misery Index by year: miseryindex.us
State and federal unemployment benefits: Pew Analysis of Congressional Budget Office data.
Average cost of tuition at public and private universities by year and consumer price index:
S-3
National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
The social costs of unemployment: Author calculations based on available data.
Chapter 18
U.S. real GDP per capita by year: Bolt, J. and J. L. van Zanden (2013), “The First Update of the Maddison Project, Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820,” Maddison Project Working Paper 4; Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
The benefits of growth in the United States: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education; Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; U.S. Congressional Budget Office.
Reduction in global HIV/AIDS-related deaths per year: UNAIDS.org
Growth effect on per capita GDP: Dollar, David; Kraay, Aart (2002), “Growth Is Good for the Poor,” Journal of Economic Growth, 7, 195–225.
Real GDP per capita and average life expectancy by country: World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
Chapter 19
Government spending as a percentage of GDP by year: U.S. Congressional Budget Office; usgovernmentspending.com
Average government spending per person by country: The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
Total U.S. private domestic investment spending: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Total U.S. spending by foreign consumers (exports): Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Top categories of personal consumption expenditures: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Spending by local, state, and federal governments: usgovernmentspending.com
Chapter 20
Aggregate demand and aggregate supply statistics: China Association of Automobile Manufacturers; Ministry of Agriculture of France; The Numbers, Nash Information Services; diamonds.net; and author estimates based on available sources.
Oil consumption in the United States and China in 1982 and 2012: U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.
Total world aggregate demand: The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
Increase in NASDAQ stock index value: cnbc.com
Rates of home ownership by state: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Chapter 21
U.S. federal government revenues: U.S. Congressional Budget Office.
U.S. federal government expenditures: U.S. Congressional Budget Office.
U.S. net government expenditures by year: Historical Tables, Office of Management and Budget, The White House.
U.S. external (foreign held) debt by year: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Top ten creditors of U.S. Treasury Debt: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Total U.S. national debt: brillig.com/debt_clock
Total interest paid on the U.S. national debt: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Chapter 22
The largest banks in the world: www.relbanks.com/worlds-top-banks assets
The eight most circulated currencies and currency reserves in the world: International Monetary Fund.
Total value of U.S. retirement accounts: ICI Retirement Industry Report, Investment Company Institute.
Total credit card debt in the United States: U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 23
U.S. monetary base by year: Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Euro monetary base: European Central Bank.
Number of U.S. bank failures by year: Historical Statistics on Banking, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Federal Reserve balance sheet in 2003 and 2013: U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 24
U.S. 30-year mortgage, prime, discount, and federal funds rate by quarter: Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; U.S. Federal Reserve.
Composition of non-treasury assets held by the Federal Reserve: U.S. Federal Reserve.
Total number of $100 bills in circulation: Treasury Bulletin, Financial Management Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Total amount of U.S. dollars and coins in circulation: Treasury Bulletin, Financial Management Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Holdings of U.S. $100 bills by region: U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 25
U.S. median existing home prices by year: Standard and Poor’s Case-Shiller Home Price Indices.
U.S. Index of Consumer Sentiment: University of Michigan: Consumer Sentiment Index.
U.S. monthly real retail sales: Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Total U.S. jobs lost during the Great Recession: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Total U.S. jobs created during the economic recovery: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Value of assets purchased by the Federal Reserve quantitative easing programs: U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 26
Trade deficit as a percent of GDP: Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Trade-weighted tariff barriers: World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
Medical tourism services: Companion Global Healthcare, Inc.
Number of American cars sold in China: Author estimate based on sales reports from Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors.
S-4
U.S. public sentiment on lower trade barriers: Constrained Internationalism: Adapting to New Realities: Results of a 2010 National Survey of American Public Opinion, Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
China’s share of world GDP: Historical Statistics of the World Economy: 1–2008 AD, Angus Maddison; World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund.
Chapter 27
The most traded currencies in the world: 2013 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.
Total value of currency traded each day in foreign exchange markets: 2013 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.
Percent of foreign exchange trades that are speculative: various sources.
Value of currencies pegged to the U.S. dollar: xe.com
Composition of foreign exchange transactions: 2013 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.