Sources for By the Numbers
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Chapter 1
Total number of bachelor’s degrees granted by major: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
Technology company CEO majors: “Study Finds Most Likely Tech Sector CEO Is Dave the Ivy League Ex-Yahoo Econ Major,” Forbes, September 28, 2012.
Fortune 100 company CEO majors: “The Education of Fortune 100 CEOs,” Curran Career Consulting, January 2011.
Percent of Fortune 500 companies founded by immigrants or their children: “The ‘New American’ Fortune 500,” Partnership For a New American Economy, June 2011.
Average percentage of income spent on various categories: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Median salaries for economics jobs: Payscale.com
Chapter 2
Farm productivity yields: Crop Quick Stats, National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Cost of firing workers: “You’re Fired: What It Costs to Sack a Worker,” The Economist, September 16, 2008.
U.S. Trade balance: U.S. Department of Commerce.
American attitudes on environment and economic growth: “Who Cares? Don’t Count on Public Opinion to Support Mitigation,” The Economist, December 3, 2009.
Chapter 3
Gaming revenues by state: State of the States: The AGA Survey of Casino Entertainment, American Gaming Association.
Prices of precious metals: cnbc.com
Total value of the worldwide virtual goods market: “Virtual goods revenue to hit $7.3 billion this year,” Bloomberg Business Week, November 15, 2010.
Total number of water bottles consumed: Beverage Marketing Corporation, www.beveragemarketing.com
Total sales of bottled water: Beverage Marketing Corporation, www.beveragemarketing.com
College and university enrollment: National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, U.S. Department of Education.
Chapter 4
Rent control price differences: Author estimates using available market data.
Federal telephone support by state: Universal Service Monitoring Report, CC Docket 98-202, Table 1.13, www.FCC.gov
Total U.S. farm support: Farm Subsidy Database, The Environmental Working Group, farm.ewg.org
Minimum wage by state: U.S. Department of Labor.
U.S. farm subsidies: Farm Subsidy Database, The Environmental Working Group, farm.ewg.org
Chapter 5
U.S. unemployment rate and real GDP growth by year: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce; Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
U.S. savings rate by year: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
U.S. gross domestic product: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Gross world product: World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
State unemployment rates: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
U.S. Index of Housing Prices: Standard and Poor’s Case-Shiller Home Price Indices.
Chapter 6
The Misery Index by year: miseryindex.us
State and federal unemployment benefits: Pew Analysis of Congressional Budget Office data.
Average cost of tuition at public and private universities by year and consumer price index: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
The social costs of unemployment: Author calculations based on available data.
Chapter 7
U.S. real GDP per capita by year: Bolt, J. and J. L. van Zanden (2013), “The First Update of the Maddison Project, Re-Estimating Growth Before 1820,” Maddison Project Working Paper 4; Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
The benefits of growth in the United States: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education; Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; U.S. Congressional Budget Office.
Reduction in global HIV/AIDS-related deaths per year: UNAIDS.org
Growth effect on per capita GDP: Dollar, David; Kraay, Aart (2002), “Growth Is Good for the Poor,” Journal of Economic Growth, 7, 195–225.
Real GDP per capita and average life expectancy by country: World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
Chapter 8
Government spending as a percentage of GDP by year: U.S. Congressional Budget Office; usgovernmentspending.com
Average government spending per person by country: The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
Total U.S. private domestic investment spending: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Total U.S. spending by foreign consumers (exports): Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Top categories of personal consumption expenditures: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Spending by local, state, and federal governments: usgovernmentspending.com
Chapter 9
Aggregate demand and aggregate supply statistics: China Association of Automobile Manufacturers; Ministry of Agriculture of France; The Numbers, Nash Information Services; diamonds.net; and author estimates based on available sources.
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Oil consumption in the United States and China in 1982 and 2012: U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.
Total world aggregate demand: The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
Increase in NASDAQ stock index value: cnbc.com
Rates of home ownership by state: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Chapter 10
U.S. federal government revenues: U.S. Congressional Budget Office.
U.S. federal government expenditures: U.S. Congressional Budget Office.
U.S. net government expenditures by year: Historical Tables, Office of Management and Budget, The White House.
U.S. external (foreign held) debt by year: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Top ten creditors of U.S. Treasury Debt: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Total U.S. national debt: brillig.com/debt_clock
Total interest paid on the U.S. national debt: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Chapter 11
The largest banks in the world: www.relbanks.com/worlds-top-banks/assets
The eight most circulated currencies and currency reserves in the world: International Monetary Fund.
Total value of U.S. retirement accounts: ICI Retirement Industry Report, Investment Company Institute.
Total credit card debt in the United States: U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 12
U.S. monetary base by year: Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Euro monetary base: European Central Bank.
Number of U.S. bank failures by year: Historical Statistics on Banking, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Federal Reserve balance sheet in 2003 and 2013: U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 13
U.S. 30-year mortgage, prime, discount, and federal funds rate by quarter: Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; U.S. Federal Reserve.
Composition of non-treasury assets held by the Federal Reserve: U.S. Federal Reserve.
Total number of $100 bills in circulation: Treasury Bulletin, Financial Management Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Total amount of U.S. dollars and coins in circulation: Treasury Bulletin, Financial Management Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Holdings of U.S. $100 bills by region: U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 14
U.S. median existing home prices by year: Standard and Poor’s Case-Shiller Home Price Indices.
U.S. Index of Consumer Sentiment: University of Michigan: Consumer Sentiment Index.
U.S. monthly real retail sales: Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Total U.S. jobs lost during the Great Recession: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Total U.S. jobs created during the economic recovery: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Value of assets purchased by the Federal Reserve quantitative easing programs: U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 15
Trade deficit as a percent of GDP: Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Trade-weighted tariff barriers: World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
Medical tourism services: Companion Global Healthcare, Inc.
Number of American cars sold in China: Author estimate based on sales reports from Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors.
U.S. public sentiment on lower trade barriers: Constrained Internationalism: Adapting to New Realities: Results of a 2010 National Survey of American Public Opinion, Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
China’s share of world GDP: Historical Statistics of the World Economy: 1–2008 AD, Angus Maddison; World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund.
Chapter 16
The most traded currencies in the world: 2013 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.
Total value of currency traded each day in foreign exchange markets: 2013 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.
Percent of foreign exchange trades that are speculative: various sources.
Value of currencies pegged to the U.S. dollar: xe.com
Composition of foreign exchange transactions: 2013 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.