Sources for By the Numbers
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Chapter 1
Data for total number of bachelor's degrees granted by major: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
Data for technology company CEO majors: “Study Finds Most Likely Tech Sector CEO Is Dave the Ivy League Ex-
Fortune 100 company CEO majors: Data from Curran Career Consulting.
Percent of Fortune 500 companies founded by immigrants or their children: Data from Partnership for a New American Economy.
Average pay by major: Data from Payscale.com
Median salaries for economics jobs: Data from Payscale.com
Chapter 2
Farm productivity yields: Data from National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
U.S. trade balance: Data from United States Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Cost of ring workers by country: Data from World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
American attitudes on environment and economic growth: Data from Gallup.com
Chapter 3
Data for growth of Uber drivers: Hall, Jonathan and Krueger, Alan (January 2015) “An Analysis of the Labor Market for Uber's Driver-
Data for proportion of global video game revenues: Global Games Market Report; Newzoo.com
Data for total value of the worldwide online gaming market: Global Games Market Report; Newzoo.com
Total number of water bottles consumed: Data from IBWA (Interna-
Total sales of bottled water: Data from IBWA (International Bottled Water Association) “Market Report Findings” Annual Update; www. bottledwater.org
Data for College and university enrollment: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
Chapter 4
Data for average in-
Government subsidies for renewable energy by type: Data from Direct Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Minimum wage by state: Data from U.S. Department of Labor.
U.S. farm subsidies: Data from Farm Subsidy Database, The Environmental Working Group, farm.ewg.org
Chapter 5
U.S. unemployment rate and real GDP growth by year: Data from Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce; Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
U.S. savings rate by year: Data from Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
U.S. gross domestic product: Data from Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Gross world product: Data from World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
State unemployment rates: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Chapter 6
The Misery Index by year: Data from miseryindex.us
State and federal unemployment bene ts: Data from Pew Analysis of Congressional Budget Of ce data.
Average yearly increase in Social Security bene ts: Data from U.S. Social Security Administration, www.ssa.gov/news/cola/ automatic-
The social costs of unemployment: Author calculations based on available data.
Average cost of tuition at public and private universities by year and consumer price index: Data from National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
U.S. Index of Housing Prices: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Chapter 7
U.S. real GDP per capita by year: Data from The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
GDP and real GDP growth by country: Data from World Development Indicators, The World Bank; The Economist.
Real GDP per capita and average life expectancy by country: Data from World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
The tallest buildings in the world: Information compiled from various online sources.
Chapter 8
Government spending as a percentage of GDP by year: Data from Government Publishing Of ce: www.gpo.gov/fdsys/
Average government spending per person by country: Data from The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
Total U.S. private domestic investment spending: Data from Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Total U.S. spending by foreign consumers (exports): Data from Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Top categories of personal consumption expenditures: Data from Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Spending by local, state, and federal governments: Data from usgovernmentspending.com
Chapter 9
Media and entertainment revenues: Data from Statista.com
Oil consumption in the United States and China in 1985 and 2015: Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.
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Total world aggregate demand: Data from The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
Increase in NASDAQ stock index value: Data from CNBC.com
Rates of home ownership by state: Data from U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Chapter 10
U.S. federal government revenues: Data from Congressional Budget Of ce, www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget_economic_data
U.S. federal government expenditures: Data from Congressional Budget Of ce, www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget_economic_data
U.S. net government expenditures by year: Data from Historical Tables, Of ce of Management and Budget, The White House.
U.S. external (foreign held) debt by year: Data from U.S. Department of the Treasury. Debt to the Penny (Daily History).
Top ten creditors of U.S. Treasury Debt: Data from U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Total U.S. national debt: Data from www.usdebtclock.org
Total interest paid on the U.S. national debt: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Chapter 11
The largest banks in the world: Data from www.relbanks.com/ worlds-
The eight most circulated currencies and currency reserves in the world: Data from International Monetary Fund.
Total value of U.S. retirement accounts: Data from ICI Retirement Industry Report, Investment Company Institute.
Total credit card debt in the United States: Data from U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 12
U.S. monetary base by year: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Euro monetary base: Data from European Central Bank.
Number of U.S. bank failures by year: Data from Historical Statistics on Banking, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits: Data from Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Federal Reserve balance sheet in 2005 and 2015: Data from U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 13
U.S. 30-
Total amount of U.S. dollars and coins in circulation: Data from Treasury Bulletin, Financial Management Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Total number of $100 bills in circulation: Data from Treasury Bulletin, Financial Management Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Facts about one million $1 bills: Data from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
Holdings of U.S. $100 bills by region: Data from U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 14
U.S. median existing home prices by year: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
U.S. Index of Consumer Sentiment: Data from University of Michigan: Consumer Sentiment Index.
U.S. monthly real retail sales: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Total U.S. jobs lost during the Great Recession: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Total U.S. jobs created during the economic recovery: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Value of assets purchased by the Federal Reserve quantitative easing programs: Data from U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 15
Trade de cit as a percent of GDP: Data from Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce; FRED Database, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Trade-
Medical tourism services: Data from Companion Global Healthcare, Inc.
Number of American cars sold in China: Author estimate based on sales reports from Ford, Fiat Chrysler, and General Motors.
U.S. public sentiment on lower trade barriers: Data from 2014 National Survey of American Public Opinion, Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
Buick sales in China and the United States: Data from General Motors.
Chapter 16
The most traded currencies in the world: Data from 2016 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.
U.S. Dollar Index: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Total value of currency traded each day in foreign exchange markets: Data from 2016 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.
Percent of foreign exchange trades that are speculative: Information compiled from various sources.
Value of currencies pegged to the U.S. dollar: Data from XE.com
Composition of foreign exchange transactions: Data from 2016 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.