9/11/2001 (Spiegelman), 1426–27
“9/11 of 1859, The” (Horowitz), 753–54
“9/11 ‘Overreaction,’ The” (Krauthammer), 109
“9/11 Speech” (Bush), 6–8
Abeyta, Aaron A., “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Tortilla,” 1087–89
“Able Doctor, or America Swallowing the Bitter Draught, The” (Revere), 370–71
“About Men” (Ehrlich), 1044–46
“Abraham Lincoln and Our ‘Unfinished Work’” (Cuomo), 703–6
Abraham Lincoln: The Great Emancipator (Conversation), 689–730
accuracy of evidence, 101–3
Ace Comics, “Atomic War!,” 1468–69
active voice, 1273–74
Adams, Abigail, “Letter to John Adams,” 386–87
Adams, John
“Letter to Abigail Adams,” 387–89
mentioned, 345, 376
Adams, Samuel, 347, 348, 384
Addams, Jane
mentioned, 827
writings
“The Subtle Problem of Charity,” 927–30
“Tribute to George Washington,” 460–62
“Address to General William Henry Harrison” (Tecumseh), 430–32
“Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association” (Kennedy), 486–89
“Address to the Osages” (Tecumseh), 60–62
ad hominem fallacy, 102–3
ad populum (bandwagon appeal) fallacy, 111–12
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The (Twain), 548
“After great pain, a formal feeling comes—” (Dickinson), 836
“Again, the Fields: After Winslow Homer” (Trethewey), 832–33
Age of Reason, The (Paine), 383–84
“Agreeable” (Franzen), 1431–44
“Ain’t I a Woman?” (Truth), 626
“Alarmist or Alarming Rhetoric?” (Demby), 32
Alexie, Sherman
mentioned, 1047, 1420
writings
“My Heroes Have Never Been Cowboys,” 1047–49
“Superman and Me,” 1420–23
Alger, Horatio, Ragged Dick, or Street Life in New York with the Boot Blacks, 1493–97
Allen, Paula Gunn
Pocahontas: Medicine Woman, Spy, Entrepreneur, Diplomat, 330–33
“Pocahontas to Her English Husband, John Rolfe,” 321–23
Allison, Graham, 1491
All the King’s Men (Warren), 71–72
Alvarez, Antonio, “Out of My Hands,” 165–67
Alvarez, Julia, “Snow,” 1478–79
America Guided by Wisdom (Barralet and Tanner), 349
American Cowboy, The (Conversation), 1023–58
“American Cowboy, The” (Nimmo), 1024–27
American Jeremiad, The (Conversation), 254–78
American literature, defining. See What Is American Literature? (Conversation)
“American Literature” (Lazarus), 1250–52
American Lung Association, “Sandwich. Snack. Arsenic.,” 270
American Middle Class, The (Conversation), 1492–1528
American Progress (Gast), 825
“Americans and Their Cars: Is the Romance on the Skids?” (Pew Research Center), 1543–46
“Americans Hit the Brakes on NASCAR” (DeFord), 1554–55
American Spirit in Literature, The (Perry), 1260–62
“America’s New Tiger Immigrants” (Mead), 1019–21
America’s Romance with the Automobile (Conversation), 1528–57
“America’s True History of Religious Tolerance” (Davis), 472–77
“America the Beautiful” (Bates), 932–33
analogy, faulty, 103
analysis, rhetorical. See rhetorical analysis
anaphora, 1560
Anastas, Benjamin, “The Foul Reign of Emerson’s ‘Self-Reliance,’” 602–5
Anderson, Jourdon
mentioned, 823, 829
“To My Old Master,” 829–30
Anderson, Sherwood, “An Apology for Crudity,” 1255–56
anecdotes, 106–7
annotating, 52, 54–55
Anthony, Susan B., “Sentencing Statement,” 971–73
antimetabole, 1560
“Anti-Suffrage Monologue, An” (Howe), 985–87
antithesis, 50, 1560
Apollo 11 moon landing, texts about
“In Event of Moon Disaster” (Safire), 38
“The July 16, 1969, Launch: A Symbol of Man’s Greatness” (Rand), 38–40
“Man Takes First Steps on the Moon” (Times), 34–36
“Transported” (Herblock), 40
“Voyage to the Moon” (MacLeish), 37
“Apology for Crudity, An” (Anderson), 1255–56
“Appeal from California. The Chinese Invasion. Workingman’s Address” (Kearney and Knight), 999–1000
appeal to false authority, 110–11
appeals, rhetorical. See rhetorical appeals
Applebaum, Anne, “If the Japanese Can’t Build a Safe Reactor, Who Can?,” 30–31. See also Demby, Tamar, “Alarmist or Alarming Rhetoric?”
appositives, 535–43
“Arabic Coffee” (Nye), 1392–93
arguments, analyzing
claims
of fact, 91
overview, 89–90
of policy, 94–96
of value, 91–92
defining argument, 85–89
literary texts, 132–36
presenting evidence
first-hand evidence (see first-hand evidence)
logical fallacies (see logical fallacies)
relevance, accuracy, and sufficiency, 101–2
second-hand evidence (see second-hand evidence)
shaping arguments
classical oration, 116–20
induction and deduction, 120–26
Toulmin model, 126–31
thesis statements
closed, 98–99
counterargument, 99–100
open, 99
visual texts, 137–42
arguments, using sources to inform, 148–49
Aristotelian triangle, 3–4
Aristotle
definition of rhetoric, 1
rhetorical appeals, 8
assertions. See claims
assumption (warrant), in Toulmin model
analyzing, 127–29
defined, 126–27
using in own writing, 130
“Atlanta Exposition Address, The” (Washington), 891–94
“At Lowe’s Home Improvement Center” (Turner), 1445–46
Atomic Age, The (Conversation), 1467–92
Atomic Narratives and American Youth: Coming of Age with the Atom, 1945–55 (Scheibach), 1481–83
“Atomic War!” (Ace Comics), 1468–69
“At the Un-National Monument along the Canadian Border” (Stafford), 648
Atwood, Margaret, “Hello, Martians, Let Moby-Dick Explain,” 1267–69
“Auction Block Monument” (Historic Fredericksburg Foundation), 641–42
Auden, W. H., “The Unknown Citizen,” 1169–70
audience
rhetorical triangle and, 4
SOAPS checklist and, 5–6, 23
using sources to appeal to, 152–55
authority
appeal to false, 110–11
ethos and, 8, 10
expert opinion as second-hand evidence, 110
“Author to Her Book, The” (Bradstreet), 225
“Auto” (McHugh), 1542
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, The (Franklin), 352–63
automobile, America’s romance with. See America’s Romance with the Automobile (Conversation)
“Average Student Loan Debt Nears $27,000” (Ellis), 168–69
Avery, Christopher, “The Missing ‘One-Offs’: The Hidden Supply of High-Achieving, Low-Income Students” (with Caroline M. Hoxby), 174–75
Baby in a Slum Tenement (Riis), 873
backing, in Toulmin model, 126–27, 130
Baldwin, James
mentioned, 1282
Notes of a Native Son, 1324–38
Ball, Thomas, Freedman’s Memorial to Abraham Lincoln, 698
Balliett, Whitney, “Daddy-O,” 1202–4
bandwagon appeal (ad populum fallacy), 111–12
Banneker, Benjamin
“Letter to Thomas Jefferson,” 426–29
mentioned, 348, 426
Baptism of Pocahontas, The (Chapman), 318
“Barn Burning” (Faulkner), 1156–68
Barralet, John J., America Guided by Wisdom (with Benjamin Tanner), 349
Barthelme, Donald, “The King of Jazz,” 1204–7
Bates, Katharine Lee
“America the Beautiful,” 932–33
mentioned, 931
Beaudrillard, Jean, 335
“Becoming Anne Bradstreet” (Boland), 226–27
“Becoming of the Native, The” (Momaday), 198–203
“Benjamin Franklin” (Lawrence), 364–67
Bercovitch, Sacvan, 254
Bergreen, Laurence, Columbus: The Four Voyages, 300–303
Berlin, Ira, “Who Freed the Slaves? Emancipation and Its Meaning,” 715–24
Berliner, Michael S., “The Christopher Columbus Controversy,” 291–93
Bernstein, Richard, 1298
Berry, Wendell, 758
“Beyond the Peacock: The Reconstruction of Flannery O’Connor” (Walker), 1320–21
bias, evaluating, 147
Bierce, Ambrose
“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,” 875–82
mentioned, 590
Bierstadt, Albert, The Last of the Buffalo, 864–65
Billington, James, 834
Bill of Rights, 412–14
TalkBack: “Our Imbecilic Constitution” (Levinson), 414–17
Bishop, Elizabeth, “The Fish,” 1285–88
Blake, William, 1093
Block, Herb (Herblock), “Transported,” 40
Bloomberg, Michael, “Ground Zero Mosque Speech,” 496–98
body image, readings about
“Celebrity Bodies” (Harris), 142–43
“homage to my hips” (Clifton), 143–44
“Michael Jackson with and without Plastic Surgery,” 144
Boland, Eavan
“Becoming Anne Bradstreet,” 226–27
Bond, Julian, 943
“Bookmobile, Louisiana” (Works Progress Administration), 1141–42
Booth, John Wilkes, 551
“Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man, or Tarring and Feathering, The,” 372
Botstein, Leon, “Let Teenagers Try Adulthood,” 183–85
Bowden, Charles, “Our Wall,” 1014–17
Boye, Bertha M., “Votes for Women,” 984–85
Bradstreet, Anne
mentioned, 191, 222
TalkBack: “Becoming Anne Bradstreet” (Boland), 226–27
writings
“The Author to Her Book,” 225
“The Prologue,” 222–24
Brinkley, Alan, “The Fifties,” 1503–6
Broderick, Mackenzie, “You Gotta Fight for Your Right…to Education,” 180–83
Bronzino, Agnolo, Eleonora of Toledo with Her Son Giovanni, 229
Brooks, Cleanth, 660
Brown, John
mentioned, 550
writings
“Last Letter to His Family,” 733–35
“Last Speech,” 732–33
See also John Brown: Patriot or Terrorist? (Conversation)
Brown, Milton, 229
Bryant, William Cullen
mentioned, 449, 548, 551
writings
“Thanatopsis,” 551–53
“To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe,” 554
“Buffalo Bill’s” (Cummings), 1042
“Buffalo Bill’s Wild West” (Buffalo Bill Cody), 1034–35
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History (Kasson), 1050–54
Burke, Kenneth, 147
Burnett, Leo, 1044
Bush, George H. W., “Letter of Apology,” 1230–31
Bush, George W., “9/11 Speech,” 6–8
Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez
mentioned, 188, 209–10
The Relation of Cabeza de Vaca, 210–16
Cabot, John, 187
Campbell, Joseph, 335, 449
“Captivity” (Erdrich), 240–42
“Carmakers’ Next Problem: Generation Y” (Linn), 1551–53
Carnegie, Andrew, “The Gospel of Wealth,” 865–68
Carretta, Vincent, 508
“Case Closed: The Rosenbergs Were Soviet Spies” (Radosh), 1484–86
Cather, Willa, “The Sculptor’s Funeral,” 950–60
cause and effect, subordinating conjunctions indicating, 336
“Celebrity Bodies” (Harris), 142–43
“Certain Oil Refinery, A” (Dreiser), 1095–98
Changing Roles of Women, The (Conversation), 970–97
Chapman, John Gadsby, “The Baptism of Pocahontas,” 318
Charles, Ray, 934
“Checkers Speech, The” (Nixon), 14
Chernow, Ron, 470
Chief Seattle
mentioned, 548
“Message to President Franklin Pierce,” 650–53
TalkBack: “A Modest Proposal: The Museum of the Plains White Person” (Green), 653–56
“Chieftain’s Daughter, The” (Morris), 319
“Chinese Must Go, The” (McDonnell), 1001–2
Chopin, Kate, “The Story of an Hour,” 888–90
Chowder, Ken, “The Father of American Terrorism,” 745–47
“Christopher Columbus Controversy, The” (Berliner), 291–93
Christy, Howard Chandler, Pocahontas, 320–21
“Chrysanthemums, The” (Steinbeck), 1147–55
circular reasoning, 104
citing sources, 180
claims
of fact, 91
overview, 89–90
of policy, 94–96
in Toulmin model, 126–27
of value, 91–92
Clancy, Robert H., “An Un-American Bill,” 1004–7
Clark, Wesley, 470
classical oration, 116–20
clauses
dependent and independent. See subordination in complex sentences
parallelism and, 1558
restrictive and nonrestrictive, 337
subordinate. See subordination in complex sentences
Clay, Henry, 418
“Clean, Well-Lighted Place, A” (Hemingway), 1121–24
“Clean, Well-Lighted Place, A” (Li), 1125–26
Clift, Eleanor, “Inside Kennedy’s Inauguration, 50 Years On,” 80–83
Clifton, Lucille, “homage to my hips,” 143–44
close analysis
analyzing style
determining tone, 46–47
establishing rhetorical situation, 44–45
introduction, 41–42
model analysis, 45–46
close reading
fiction, 69–70, 71
poetry, 72–73
visual texts, 74–76
conversation with the text
annotating, 52, 54–55
asking questions, 48–49, 50–51
close reading and, 58–60
graphic organizers, 55–58
overview, 41
writing a close-analysis essay
introductory example, 62, 64–65
sample essay, 66–67
thesis statement, 65
closed thesis statements, 98–99
close reading
fiction, 69–70, 71
moving to analysis, 58–60
poetry, 72–73
visual texts, 74–76
Cody, Buffalo Bill, “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West,” 1034–35
Cofer, Judith Ortiz
mentioned, 1284, 1411
“The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named María,” 1411–15
Cole, John, “The Thanksgiving Table,” 15
Cole, Thomas
mentioned, 548
The Oxbow, 555–56
Collins, Gail, When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women from 1950 to the Present, 988–91
colons, 536
Columbus, Christopher
Journal of the First Voyage to America, 279–83
mentioned, 187
See also Columbus Day Controversy, The
Columbus Day Controversy, The (Conversation), 278–305
Columbus: The Four Voyages (Bergreen), 300–303
“Come and Join Us Brothers” (Supervisory Committee for Recruiting Colored Regiments), 687–88
commas
appositives and, 536
with cumulative, periodic, and inverted sentence patterns, 814
with subordinate clauses, 337
Common Sense (Paine), 376–78
complex sentences, 50. See also subordination in complex sentences
compound sentences, 50
conceding/concession
counterarguments and, 11, 20
subordinating conjunctions indicating, 336
conclusion
in classical oration (peroratio), 117, 120
in deductive reasoning, 124, 126
condition, subordinating conjunctions indicating, 337
Confederate Dead before the Dunker Church (Gardner), 685
confirmation (confirmatio), in classical oration, 117, 120
conjunctions, subordinating. See subordination in complex sentences
Connell, William J., “What Columbus Day Really Means,” 296–300
Connelly, Sheryl, 1556
Conscience of a Liberal, The (Krugman), 1508–12
context, rhetorical situation and, 3
contrast, subordinating conjunctions indicating, 336
coordination, as sentence pattern, 810
Cortés, Hernán, 187
Cortez, Jayne, “Jazz Fan Looks Back,” 1207–8
counterarguments
logos and, 11–12, 20
counterargument thesis statements, 99–100
Counts, Will, Little Rock’s Central High School, 1339–40
cowboy, American (conversation). See American Cowboy, The (Conversation)
“Coyote Gets Stuck,” 197–98
“Crackberry Congress” (Marcus), 16–17
Crane, Hart, 449
Crane, Stephen, “The Open Boat,” 899–917
“Crazed Rhetoric” (Toles), 86
Crèvecoeur, Hector St. John de
Letters from an American Farmer, 399–402
mentioned, 348, 399
Crews, Frederick, 1315
Crisis, I, The (Paine), 378–79
“Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” (Whitman), 660–65
Crumb, Robert, “A Short History of America,” 783–84
“Cuban Missile Crisis Speech” (Kennedy), 1472–76
Cummings, E. E.
“Buffalo Bill’s,” 1042
“in Just-,” 1099–1100
cumulative sentence patterns, 51, 811, 814
Cuomo, Mario, “Abraham Lincoln and Our ‘Unfinished Work,’” 703–6
current events, 107–8
Currier, Nathaniel, The Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, 190
“C Word in the Hallways, The” (Quindlen), 95
“Daddy-O” (Balliett), 1202–4
Dalton, Harlon L., “Horatio Alger,” 1497–1502
Danticat, Edwidge, “New York Day Women,” 1416–19
Darrow, Clarence, 259
Darwin, Charles, 1069, 1099
dashes, 536
Dash for the Timber, A (Remington), 1028
Davidson, Sara, 1344
Davis, Jefferson, “Inaugural Address,” 668–72
Davis, Kenneth C., “America’s True History of Religious Tolerance,” 472–77
Davis, Miles, 1202
Davis, Ossie, 1276
Davis, Stuart, Swing Landscape, 1198–99
“Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt” (Hedges and Sacco), 1457–66
Dean, Michelle, 1344
“Death of the Ball Turret Gunner, The” (Jarrell), 1180–81
“Declaration of Independence, The” (Jefferson), 390–92
“Declaration of Sentiments” (Stanton), 393–95
deduction, 123–26
“Defense of Native American Religion” (Red Jacket), 484–86
DeFord, Frank, “Americans Hit the Brakes on NASCAR,” 1554–55
DeGrazia, Ettore (Ted), Trading, Traveling, and Mosquitoes, 218
Demby, Tamar, “Alarmist or Alarming Rhetoric?,” 32
Demuth, Charles
I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold, 1108
mentioned, 1069, 1107
dependent clauses. See subordination in complex sentences
de Soto, Hernando, 187
de Tocqueville, Alexis, 656, 819, 820, 1270
Devil’s Horn, The (Segell), 1209–10
Dickinson, Emily
TalkBack: “Emily Dickinson and Elvis Presley in Heaven” (Ostrom), 840–41
writings
“After great pain, a formal feeling comes—,” 836
“‘Hope’ is the thing with feathers—,” 834–35
“I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—,” 837
“My Life had stood—a Loaded Gun—,” 838–39
“The Soul selects her own Society—,” 835
“Success is counted sweetest,” 134–35
diction, analyzing, 50–51
Didion, Joan
“On Self-Respect,” 1341–44
“The Santa Ana Winds,” 52–53
“Difficult Miracle of Black Poetry in America, The” (Jordan), 517–27
Dillard, Annie
“Living Like Weasels,” 785–88
mentioned, 758
Dirda, Michael, 882
direct verbs, 1272
“Diving into the Wreck” (Rich), 1381–84
Dodge Motor Company
“It’s a Big Fat Juicy Cheeseburger in a Land of Tofu,” 75
“This Is the Car You Buy Because You Can’t Buy a Bald Eagle,” 468
“Does Not Such a Meeting Make Amends?” (Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper), 841–42
“Doing Nothing” (Kidd), 793–94
Domini, Amy, “Why Investing in Fast Food May Be a Good Thing,” 87–88
Donohue, Agnes, 572
Douglass, Frederick
mentioned, 259, 549, 614, 699, 756
writings
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself, 614–24
Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time, 699–703
“What, to the Slave, Is the Fourth of July?,” 260–62
“Douglass” (Dunbar), 897
Douthat, Ross, “The Secrets of Princeton,” 172–73
Dove, Rita
mentioned, 1282, 1423
“Rosa,” 1423–24
Downes, Lawrence, “In Search of Flannery O’Connor,” 1315–19
Dreiser, Theodore, “A Certain Oil Refinery,” 1095–98
DuBois, W. E. B.
mentioned, 823, 944
“The Talented Tenth,” 944–49
Duchamp, Marcel, 1069
“Duck and Cover” (Office of Civil Defense), 1470
Dunbar, Paul Laurence
mentioned, 823, 895
TalkBack: “Frederick Douglass” (Hayden), 898
writings
“Douglass,” 897
“We Wear the Mask,” 895–96
Dunbar-Nelson, Alice, “I Sit and Sew,” 24–25
Dunn, Stephen, “The Sacred,” 1541
Dunston-Weiler Lithograph Company, Suffragette Madonna and Uncle Sam Suffragee, 982–83
Durand, Asher B.
Kindred Spirits, 556–57
mentioned, 548
Dylan, Bob, 674, 1381, 1492
Early, Gerald L.
“Jazz and the African American Literary Tradition,” 1189–93
A Level Playing Field, 151
“Earth on Turtle’s Back, The,” 194–95
Ebert, Roger, “Star Wars,” 92–94
Eck, Diane L., A New Religious America, 492–94
Eckford, Elizabeth, 1339–40
Edelstein, Sally, Mutually Assured Consumption, 1524–25
Edgerton, Gary, “Redesigning Pocahontas: Disney, the ‘White Man’s Indian,’ and the Marketing of Dreams” (with Kathy Merlock Jackson), 324–29
Edison, Thomas, 828
Education: The Civil Rights Issue of Our Time? (Conversation), 156–75
writing a synthesis essay
citing sources, 180
formulating your position, 175–77
framing and integrating quotations, 178–79
sample synthesis essay, 180–82
Edwards, Jonathan, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” 257–59
effective and ineffective rhetoric, 29–31
Ehrlich, Gretel, “About Men,” 1044–46
Einstein, Albert
“Letter to Phyllis Wright,” 5
mentioned, 828
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
mentioned, 1528
“Order of the Day,” 17–18
either/or (false dilemma) fallacy, 103
ekphrasis, 1109
elegy, 834
Eleonora of Toledo with Her Son Giovanni (Bronzino), 229
Eliot, T. S.
“The Hollow Men,” 1113–16
mentioned, 1069
Ellis, Blake, “Average Student Loan Debt Nears $27,000,” 168–69
Ellison, Ralph
Invisible Man, 1201
“On Bird, Bird-Watching and Jazz,” 49–50, 51–52
“Emancipation Proclamation, The” (Lincoln), 690–91
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
mentioned, 346, 548, 590, 758, 819, 820
“Self-Reliance,” 590–600
TalkBack: “The Foul Reign of Emerson’s ‘Self-Reliance’” (Anastas), 602–5
“Emily Dickinson and Elvis Presley in Heaven” (Ostrom), 840–41
“Ending the Slavery Blame-Game” (Gates), 1243–45
“End of the Affair, The” (O’Rourke), 1547–50
“End of White America, The” (Hsu), 112–13
enjambment, 73
Enrico, Robert, 882
Environmental Protection Agency, “Slip, Slop, Slap and Wrap!,” 77
Erdrich, Louise, “Captivity,” 240–42
Eriksson, Lief, 187
Etcheson, Nicole, 756
ethos
combining with logos and pathos, 18–20
defined, 8–10
Etter, William M, 471
“Evacuation Order” (Western Defense Command), 1217–19
evidence, presenting
first-hand evidence
anecdotes, 106–7
current events, 107–8
personal experience, 104, 106
logical fallacies (see logical fallacies)
relevance, accuracy, and sufficiency, 101–2
second-hand evidence
expert opinion, 110
historical information, 108–9
literary sources, 112–14
quantitative evidence, 111
evidence (support), in Toulmin model, 126–27
“Evolutionary Social Psychology of Off-Record Indirect Speech Acts, The” (Pinker), 154–55
“Examining the Reputation of Christopher Columbus” (Weatherford), 289–91
“Executive Order No. 9066” (Roosevelt), 1215–17
exordium, 117
expert opinion, 110
“Facing It” (Komunyakaa), 1398
fact, claims of, 91
fallacies, logical. See logical fallacies
“Fall of the House of Usher, The” (Poe), 576–89
false authority, appeal to, 110–11
false dilemma (either/or fallacy), 103
Faragher, John Mack, 1057
“Farewell, My Lovely!” (White), 1530–35
“Farewell Address” (Reagan), 265–66
“Farewell Address” (Washington), 452–54
“Farewell Speech” (Gehrig), 2
Fast Food Nation (Schlosser), 965–68
Fate of the Earth, The (Schell), 1184–86
“Father of American Terrorism, The” (Chowder), 745–47
Faulkner, William
mentioned, 1072, 1155, 1279, 1288
writings
“Barn Burning,” 1156–68
“Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech,” 1288–89
faulty analogy, 103
Fea, John, Was America Founded As a Christian Nation?, 499–503
Federal Highway Administration, “I Was Looking Out for Other Cars,” 33
“Federalist Papers, The” (Hamilton, Madison, and Jay), 404–11
“Feeding Kids Meat Is Child Abuse” (PETA), 29
“Felons and the Right to Vote” (New York Times Editorial Board), 96–98
Ferdinand of Spain, The Requierimiento, 284–85
“Few Don’ts by an Imagiste, A” (Pound), 1075–78
fiction
close reading, 69–70, 71
rhetorical analysis of, 21–24
“Fifties, The” (Brinkley), 1503–6
figures of speech, 50
Final Crisis, XIII, The (Paine), 380–82
“Fire and Ice” (Frost), 1081–82
“First Day, The” (Jones), 161–64
“First Fig” (Millay), 1090–91
first-hand evidence
anecdotes, 106–7
current events, 107–8
personal experience, 104
“First Seven Years, The” (Malamud), 1290–97
“Fish, The” (Bishop), 1286–88
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 368, 1187
Flanagan, Caitlin, 1344
Ford, Henry, 827, 1528
form, 72
“Foul Reign of Emerson’s ‘Self-Reliance,’ The” (Anastas), 602–5
framing quotations, 178
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, “Does Not Such a Meeting Make Amends?,” 841–42
Franklin, Benjamin
mentioned, 187, 345, 349–50, 1492
TalkBack: “Benjamin Franklin” (Lawrence), 364–67
writings
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 352–63
“The Speech of Miss Polly Baker,” 350–52
Franzen, Jonathan, “Agreeable,” 1431–44
“Frederick Douglass” (Hayden), 898
Freedman’s Memorial to Abraham Lincoln (Ball), 698
“Freedom’s Martyr” (Reynolds), 750–52
Freeman, Castle, Jr., 1042
Frethorne, Richard
“Letter to Father and Mother,” 219, 221
mentioned, 218
Freud, Sigmund, 1069
Frost, Robert
mentioned, 808, 1078
writings
“Fire and Ice,” 1081–82
“Mending Wall,” 1080–81
“Reluctance,” 1078–79
Fuller, Margaret
mentioned, 549, 607
Woman in the Nineteenth Century, 607–13
Future of Life, The (Wilson), 788–92
Gandhi, Mahatma, 758
Gardner, Alexander, Confederate Dead before the Dunker Church, 685
Gast, John, American Progress, 825
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.
mentioned, 895, 899
writings
“Ending the Slavery Blame-Game,” 1243–45
“Mr. Jefferson and the Trials of Phillis Wheatley,” 528–33
Gehrig, Lou, “Farewell Speech,” 2
generalization
hasty, 103, 106
in inductive reasoning, 120–21, 123
George III, 345, 370
“George Washington” (Greenough), 457–58
George Washington—Lansdowne Portrait (Stuart), 454–55
“Gettysburg Address, The” (Lincoln), 692
“Gettysburg PowerPoint Presentation, The” (Norvig), 725
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, Women and Economics, 974–76
Ginsberg, Allen, “A Supermarket in California,” 666–67
Gioia, Ted, 1214
“Girl” (Kincaid), 70–71
Gladwell, Malcolm
mentioned, 1282, 1357–58
writings
Outliers, 121–23
“Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted,” 1358–66
Glass, Jennifer, “New York Times op-ed piece,” 112
Goebel, Bruce, 343
“Good Country People” (O’Connor), 1300–1314
Gordon, Mary, “More than Just a Shrine,” 1010–13
“Gospel of Wealth, The” (Carnegie), 866–68
Gould, Stephen Jay
mentioned, 1285, 1385
“Women’s Brains,” 1385–89
Grannis, Kerry Searle, “Pathways to the Middle Class: Balancing Personal and Public Responsibilities” (with Isabel V. Sawhill and Scott Winship), 1521–23
Grant, Ulysses S., 551, 823
graphic organizers, 55–58
“Great Figure, The” (Williams), 1106–7
Green, Alfred M., “Let Us Take Up the Sword,” 673–74
Green, Rayna, “A Modest Proposal: The Museum of the Plains White Person,” 653–56
Greenglass, David, 1468
Greenough, Horatio
“George Washington,” 457–58
mentioned, 470
“Ground Zero Mosque Speech” (Bloomberg), 496–98
“Growing Gulf between the Rich and the Rest of Us, The” (Sklar), 1506–8
Hale, John
mentioned, 192, 248–49
A Modest Inquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft, 249–53
Halm, Cindra, 1431
Halter, Peter, 1109
Hamilton, Alexander
“The Federalist Papers” (with James Madison and John Jay), 404–11
mentioned, 347, 404, 418
Hamlet’s BlackBerry (Powers), 795–800
“Hammock, The” (Lee), 1425
Hansen, Tom, 1082
“Harlem” (Hughes), 74
Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, “Letter to John Brown,” 736
Harris, Daniel, “Celebrity Bodies,” 142–43
Hartley, Marsden
mentioned, 1069
Portrait of a German Officer, 1082–83
Harvest of Death, A (O’Sullivan), 685–86
hasty generalization, 103, 106
Hate Speech: The History of an American Controversy (Walker), 108–9
Hawthorne, Nathaniel
mentioned, 548, 558
“My Kinsman, Major Molineux,” 558–71
Hayden, Robert
“Frederick Douglass,” 898
“Those Winter Sundays,” 1367–68
Hedges, Chris, “Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt” (with Joe Sacco), 1457–66
Hellman, Lillian, “I Cannot and Will Not Cut My Conscience to Fit This Year’s Fashions,” 1471–72
“Hello, Martians, Let Moby-Dick Explain” (Atwood), 1267–69
Hemingway, Ernest, “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,” 1121–24
TalkBack: “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” (Li), 1125–26
Henry, Patrick
mentioned, 345, 347, 348, 373
“Speech to the Second Virginia Convention,” 373–75
Herblock, “Transported,” 40
Herrick, Henry W., Reading the Emancipation Proclamation in the Slaves’ Cabin, 697
Hillenbrand, Laura, Seabiscuit, 148–49
Hine, Lewis Wickes, 826
“His Highness” (Lepore), 463–67
historical information, 108–9
Historic Fredericksburg Foundation, “Auction Block Monument,” 641–42
History of the Life and Death, Virtues and Exploits of General George Washington, A (Weems), 456–57
Hitchens, Christopher, 379–80
Ho Chi Minh. See Minh, Ho Chi
Hoedel, Cindy, 1491
Hofstadter, Richard, 221
“Hollow Men, The” (Eliot), 1113–16
“homage to my hips” (Clifton), 143–44
“Homage to Phillis Wheatley” (Young), 515–17
Homer, Winslow, The Veteran in a New Field, 831
TalkBack: “Again, the Fields: After Winslow Homer” (Trethewey), 832–33
“‘Hope’ is the thing with feathers—” (Dickinson), 834–35
Hopper, Edward, 1127
“Horatio Alger” (Dalton), 1497–1502
Horowitz, Tony, “The 9/11 of 1859,” 753–54
“House of Mirth, The” (Wharton), 978–80
Hovenden, Thomas, The Last Moments of John Brown, 743–45
Howe, Marie Jenney, “An Anti-Suffrage Monologue,” 985–87
“How It Feels to Be Colored Me” (Hurston), 1117–20
“How Soccer Is Ruining America: A Jeremiad” (Webb), 267–68
“How the World Was Made,” 192–94
Hoxby, Caroline M., “The Missing ‘One-Offs’: The Hidden Supply of High-Achieving, Low-Income Students” (with Christopher Avery), 174–75
Hsu, Hua, “The End of White America,” 112–13
Hsu, Jeremy, 1556
Hudson, Henry, 187
Hughes, Langston
mentioned, 1071, 1100–1101, 1298
writings
“Harlem,” 74
“Jazzonia,” 1197–98
“Mother to Son,” 135–36
“The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,” 1102–5
“The Negro Speaks of Rivers,” 1101
“Theme for English B,” 1298–99
humor, 15–17
“Hurricane Katrina” (Kennedy), 141
Hurston, Zora Neale
“How It Feels to Be Colored Me,” 1117–20
mentioned, 1071, 1117
“Huswifery” (Taylor), 230–31
hyperbole, 50
I Am an American (Lange), 1220
“I Cannot and Will Not Cut My Conscience to Fit This Year’s Fashions” (Hellman), 1471–72
“If the Japanese Can’t Build a Safe Reactor, Who Can?” (Applebaum), 30–31. See also “Alarmist or Alarming Rhetoric?” (Demby)
“If We Must Die” (McKay), 1093–94
“I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—” (Dickinson), 837
Ilgunas, Ken, “Walden on Wheels: On the Open Road from Debt to Freedom,” 802–6
Illingworth, Leslie, 1280
images, pathos and, 14–15
Immigration: The Lure of America (Conversation), 997–1023
imperative sentences, 50
“Inaugural Address” (Davis), 669–72
“Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961” (Kennedy), 77–80
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy (U.S. Army Signal Corps), 84
“Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself” (Jacobs), 675–84
“In College, These American Citizens Are Not Created Equal” (Santiago), 106–7
“Income Confusion” (Sowell), 1512–13
“In Defense of Women” (Mencken), 423–25
independent clauses. See subordination in complex sentences
induction
combined with deduction, 124–26
defined, 120–23
“In Event of Moon Disaster” (Safire), 38
Influence of Jazz, The (Conversation), 1187–1214
Influence of Phillis Wheatley, The (Conversation), 506–34
“in Just-” (Cummings), 1099–1100
“In Search of Flannery O’Connor” (Downes), 1315–19
“Inside Kennedy’s Inauguration, 50 Years On” (Clift), 80–83
insufficiency, fallacies of
circular reasoning, 104
hasty generalization, 103, 106
integrating quotations, 178–79
“In the Station of the Metro” (Pound), 1074
introduction (exordium), in classical oration, 117, 119
Inventing George Washington (Lengel), 468–69
inverted sentence patterns, 50, 813–14
Invisible Man (Ellison), 1201
Iroquois Confederacy, The Iroquois Constitution, 205–9
Iroquois Constitution, The (Iroquois Confederacy), 205–9
Irving, Washington, “Rip Van Winkle,” 435–48
I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold (Demuth), 1108
“I Sit and Sew” (Dunbar-Nelson), 24–25
It Costs a Dollar a Month to Sleep in These Sheds (Riis), 871
“It’s a Big Fat Juicy Cheeseburger in a Land of Tofu” (Dodge Motor Company), 75
“I Was Looking Out for Other Cars” (Federal Highway Administration), 33
Jackson, Andrew, 547
Jackson, Kathy Merlock, “Redesigning Pocahontas: Disney, the ‘White Man’s Indian,’ and the Marketing of Dreams” (with Gary Edgerton), 324–29
Jackson Pollock (Toynton), 1210–12
Jacobs, Harriet
“Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself,” 675–84
mentioned, 549, 675
Jacoby, Jeff, “The Role of Religion in Government: Invoking Jesus at the Inauguration,” 490–91
Japanese Internment and Reparations: Making It Right? (Conversation), 1214–46
Jarrell, Randall
“The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner,” 1180–81
mentioned, 1073, 1180
Jay, John
“The Federalist Papers” (with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison), 404–11
mentioned, 347, 404
jazz, influence of. See Influence of Jazz, The (Conversation)
“Jazz and the African American Literary Tradition” (Early), 1189–93
“Jazz Fan Looks Back” (Cortez), 1207–8
“Jazzonia” (Hughes), 1197–98
Jefferson, Thomas
mentioned, 345, 348, 389–90
TalkBack: “Declaration of Sentiments” (Stanton), 393–95
TalkBack: “Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam” (Minh), 396–98
writings
“The Declaration of Independence,” 390–92
“Letter to Benjamin Banneker,” 429
“The Virginia Act for Establishing Religious Freedom,” 481–82
jeremiads, 192–93, 254. See also American Jeremiad, The (Conversation)
Jewett, Sarah Orne, “A White Heron,” 856–63
Jiles, Paulette, “Paper Matches,” 72–73
Jitterbugs VI (Johnson), 1199–1200
John Brown, Patriot or Terrorist? (Conversation), 731–57
Johnson, Andrew, 823
Johnson, James Weldon, “Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing,” 941–43
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, “Speech to Congress, March 15, 1965,” 9–10
Johnson, William Henry, Jitterbugs VI, 1199–1200
Jones, Edward P., “The First Day,” 161–64
Jordan, June, “The Difficult Miracle of Black Poetry in America,” 517–27
Journal of the First Voyage to America (Columbus), 279–83
Joyce, James, 1125
Juan, Ana
mentioned, 1285, 1427
Reflections, 1428
“July 16, 1969, Launch, The” (Rand), 38–40
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 960–64
Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? (Sandel), 125
“Just Walk On By: A Black Man Ponders His Power to Alter Public Space” (Staples), 1394–97
juxtaposition, 50
Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby, The (Wolfe), 1537–40
Kaplan, Fred, 691
Käsebier, Gertrude, 941
Kasson, Joy, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History, 1050–54
Kazan, Elia, 1490
Kazin, Alfred, 1563
Kearney, Dennis, “Appeal from California. The Chinese Invasion. Workingman’s Address” (with H. L. Knight), 999–1000
Kelley, Florence, “Speech on Child Labor,” 980–82
Kennedy, John F.
inauguration of
“Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961” (Kennedy), 77–80
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy (U.S. Army Signal Corps), 84
“Inside Kennedy’s Inauguration, 50 Years On” (Clift), 80–83
mentioned, 1081
writings
“Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association,” 486–89
“Cuban Missile Crisis Speech,” 1472–76
“Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961,” 77–80
Kennedy, Robert F., “The Mindless Menace of Violence,” 262–54
Kennedy, Sian, “Sulphur, LA,” 141
Keppler, Joseph, “Looking Backward,” 1003
Kerouac, Jack, 1556
Key, Francis Scott, “The Star-Spangled Banner,” 433–34
Khrushchev, Nikita, “Letter to John F. Kennedy,” 1477
Kidd, Sue Monk, “Doing Nothing,” 793–94
Killer Angels, The (Shaara), 21–22
Kilson, Martin, 1239–40
Kincaid, Jamaica, “Girl,” 70–71
Kindred Spirits (Durand), 556–57
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
“Letter from Birmingham Jail,” 1345–57
mentioned, 758, 1282, 1283, 1345
TalkBack: “Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted” (Gladwell), 1357–66
“King Coal: Reigning in China” (Will), 12–13
“King of Jazz, The” (Barthelme), 1204–7
Kirp, David, “The Secret to Fixing Bad Schools,” 169–71
Koch, Kenneth, “Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams,” 1111–12
Komunyakaa, Yusef
“Facing It,” 1397–98
Konnikova, Maria, 1271
Krauthammer, Charles, “The 9/11 ‘Overreaction’? Nonsense,” 109
Krugman, Paul, The Conscience of a Liberal, 1508–12
Kunin, Madeleine M., The New Feminist Agenda, 991–94
Landing of Columbus (Vanderlyn), 285–86
Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, The (Currier), 190
Lange, Dorothea, I Am an American, 1220
Lapham, Louis, 385
Larson, Charles, 335
“Last Letter to His Family” (Brown), 733–35
Last Moments of John Brown, The (Hovenden), 743–45
Last of the Buffalo, The (Bierstadt), 864–65
“Last Speech” (Brown), 732–33
Lawrence, D. H.
mentioned, 364, 590, 668
writings
“Benjamin Franklin,” 364–67
“The Spirit of Place,” 1262–63
Lazarus, Emma
“American Literature,” 1250–52
“The New Colossus,” 998
Lee, Harper, To Kill a Mockingbird, 132–33
Lee, Henry, 450
Lee, Li-Young
“The Hammock,” 1425
mentioned, 1284, 1424
Lee, Robert E., 551
Legacy of Henry David Thoreau, The (Conversation), 758–809
LeGuin, Ursula K., 1491
Lengel, Edward G.
Inventing George Washington, 468–69
mentioned, 450
Leopold, Aldo, 758
Lepore, Jill, “His Highness,” 463–67
“Let Teenagers Try Adulthood” (Botstein), 183–85
“Letter from Birmingham Jail” (King), 1345–57
“Letter of Apology” (Bush), 1230–31
Letters from an American Farmer (Crèvecoeur), 399–402
“Letter to Abigail Adams” (John Adams), 387–89
“Letter to Albert G. Hodges” (Lincoln), 693–95
“Letter to a Photojournalist Going-In” (Smith), 1429–30
“Letter to Barack Obama” (Morrison), 18–19
“Letter to Father and Mother” (Frethorne), 219, 221
“Letter to John Adams” (Abigail Adams), 386–87
“Letter to John Brown” (Harper), 736
“Letter to John F. Kennedy” (Khrushchev), 1477
“Letter to Phyllis Wright” (Einstein), 5
“Letter to Queen Anne of Great Britain” (Smith), 315–17
“Letter to Ralph Waldo Emerson” (Whitman), 1247–49
“Letter to Reverend Samson Occom” (Wheatley), 514–15
“Letter to Thomas Jefferson” (Banneker), 426–29
“Letter to Warner Brothers” (Marx), 62–64
“Let Us Take Up the Sword” (Green), 673–74
Leutze, Emanual
Washington Crossing the Delaware, 459
Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, 548
Levander, Caroline, 1270
Level Playing Field, A (Early), 151
Levinson, Sanford, “Our Imbecilic Constitution,” 414–17
Lewis, R. W. B., 660
Li, Yiyun, “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,” 1125–26
Life on the Mississippi (Twain), 847–55
“Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing” (Johnson), 942–43
Lincoln, Abraham
mentioned, 550–51, 823, 1102
writings
“The Emancipation Proclamation,” 690–91
“The Gettysburg Address,” 692
“Letter to Albert G. Hodges,” 692
“Second Inaugural Address,” 695–96
See also Abraham Lincoln: The Great Emancipator (Conversation)
Lincoln at Gettysburg (Wills), 113
Linn, Allison, “Carmakers’ Next Problem: Generation Y,” 1551–53
literary analysis, using sources in, 149–50
literary sources, as second-hand evidence, 112–14
literary texts, analyzing, 132–36
“Litigating the Legacy of Slavery” (Ogletree), 1240–42
“Living Like Weasels” (Dillard), 785–88
“Living with Europeans” (Richter), 306–13
Locke, John, 348
logic, ethos and, 8
logical fallacies
ad hominem, 102–3
appeal to false authority, 110–11
bandwagon appeal (ad populum), 111–12
circular reasoning, 104
either/or (false dilemma), 103
logical fallacies (cont.)
faulty analogy, 103
hasty generalization, 103, 106
post hoc ergo propter hoc, 109
red herring, 102
slippery slope, 134
straw man, 103
logos
combining with ethos and pathos, 18–20
defined, 11–12
Lomas, Herbert, 839
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth
“A Psalm of Life,” 573–74
“Nature,” 575
“Looking Backward” (Keppler), 1003
“Loomings” (Melville), 643–46
Lopate, Philip, 1564
Lopez, Barry, 758
Louv, Richard, 758, 808
Lowell, Amy, “On ‘New Poetry,’” 1257–60
MacLeish, Archibald, “Voyage to the Moon,” 37
Macy, John, The Spirit of American Literature, 1252–54
Madison, James
mentioned, 347, 404
writings
“The Federalist Papers” (with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay), 404–11
“Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments,” 477–80
“‘Madness’ of John Brown, The” (McGlone), 747–50
Magritte, René, 1426
major premise, 124, 126
Malamud, Bernard, “The First Seven Years,” 1290–97
Malcolm, John, 372
Mann, Horace
mentioned, 820
Report of the Massachusetts Board of Education, 157–59
“Man Takes First Steps on the Moon” (Times), 34–36
“Man Who Was Almost a Man, The” (Wright), 1171–79
Marconi, Guglielmo, 828
Marcus, Ruth, “Crackberry Congress,” 16–17
Marlboro Man (McCombe), 1043–44
Marx, Groucho, “Letter to Warner Brothers,” 62–64
Marx, Karl, 1069
Mather, Cotton
mentioned, 192, 243
Wonders of the Invisible World, 243
Mather, Increase, 239
Matisse, Henri, 1069
“Matoaka als Rebecca” (van de Passe), 314–15
Matteson, Tompkins Harrison, The Trial of George Jacobs, 5th August, 1692, 247
Matthiessen, F. O., 548
McCarthy, Joseph, 1468
McCombe, Leonard, Marlboro Man, 1043–44
McDonnell, Joseph, “The Chinese Must Go,” 1001–2
McFarland, Ron, 1050
McGlone, Robert E., “The ‘Madness’ of John Brown,” 747–50
McHugh, Heather, “Auto,” 1542–43
McKay, Claude, 1071
“If We Must Die,” 1093–94
McKay, Nellie, 895, 899
McKibben, Bill, “Walden: Living Deliberately,” 759–62
McPherson, James, “Who Freed the Slaves?,” 706–14
Mead, Walter Russell, “America’s New Tiger Immigrants,” 1019–21
Mehl, Matthias, 91
Melville, Herman
mentioned, 548, 642–43
TalkBack: “At the Un-National Monument along the Canadian Border” (Stafford), 648
writings
“Loomings,” 643–46
“Shiloh: A Requiem,” 647–48
“Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments” (Madison), 477–80
Mencken, H. L.
“In Defense of Women,” 423–25
mentioned, 399, 423
“Mending Wall” (Frost), 1080–81
“Message to President Franklin Pierce” (Seattle), 650–53
metaphors, 50
meter, 72
“Michael” (Sullivan), 1447–56
“Michael Jackson with and without Plastic Surgery,” 144
middle class, American. See American Middle Class, The (Conversation)
Millay, Edna St. Vincent, “First Fig,” 1090–91
Miller, Arthur
mentioned, 1279
“Why I Wrote The Crucible,” 1479–80
Mills, C. Wright, 1492, 1526
“Mindless Menace of Violence, The” (Kennedy), 263–54
Minh, Ho Chi, “Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam,” 396–98
“Miniver Cheevy” (Robinson), 920–21
minor premise, 124, 126
“Mixed Crowd, The” (Riis), 870–74
Moby-Dick (Melville), 548
“Modell of Christian Charity, A” (Winthrop), 255–56
Modest Inquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft, A (Hale), 249–53
“Modest Proposal, A” (Green), 653–56
modifiers, 1058–65
Momaday, N. Scott, “The Becoming of the Native: Man in America before Columbus,” 198–203
Moore, Marianne, “Poetry,” 1091–93
Moorhead, Scipio, Phillis Wheatley, 508
“More than Just a Shrine” (Gordon), 1010–13
Morley, Christopher, “On Laziness,” 67–69
Morris, George P., “The Chieftain’s Daughter: A Ballad,” 319
Morrison, Toni, “Letter to Barack Obama,” 18–19
“Mother to Son” (Hughes), 135–36
Mouly, Françoise, 1426
Mrs. Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary (Anonymous), 228
Muir, John
mentioned, 758
“Save the Redwoods,” 42–44
Murphy, Gerald, 209
Murray, Judith Sargent
mentioned, 348, 419
“On the Equality of the Sexes,” 419–22
TalkBack: “The Feminine Mind” (Mencken), 423–25
Mutually Assured Consumption (Edelstein), 1524–25
“My Heroes Have Never Been Cowboys” (Alexie), 1047–49
“My Kinsman, Major Molineux” (Hawthorne), 558–71
“My Life had stood—a Loaded Gun—” (Dickinson), 838–39
Myth of George Washington, The (Conversation), 450–71
“Myth of the Latin Woman, The” (Cofer), 1411–15
“My Walden, My Walmart” (Sartwell), 801–92
narration (narratio), in classical oration, 117, 120
Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, A (Rowlandson), 232–38
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (Douglass), 614–24
Nast, Thomas, “Worse than Slavery,” 845–46
National Public Radio, “Wilma Mankiller Reflects on Columbus Day,” 293–96
native Americans
origin stories
“How the World Was Made,” 192–94
“Nature” (Longfellow), 575
“Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain, The” (Hughes), 1102–5
“Negro Speaks of Rivers, The” (Hughes), 1101
“New Colossus, The” (Lazarus), 998
New Feminist Agenda, The (Kunin), 991–94
New Religious America, A (Eck), 492–94
Newton, Isaac, 348
New York Times Editorial Board, “Felons and the Right to Vote,” 96–98
“New York Times op-ed piece” (Glass), 112
Niemann, Christoph, “Promised Land,” 1017–18
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1069
Nimmo, Joseph, Jr., “The American Cowboy,” 1024–27
Nixon, Richard, “The Checkers Speech,” 14
Noah, Timothy, 1527
“Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech” (Faulkner), 1288–89
“No More Auction Block for Me” (Anonymous), 674–75
nonrestrictive appositives, 535
nonrestrictive clauses, 337
Norvig, Peter, “The Gettysburg PowerPoint Presentation,” 725
“Not by Math Alone” (O’Connor and Romer), 117–19
Notes of a Native Son (Baldwin), 1324–38
Nye, Naomi Shihab
“Arabic Coffee,” 1392–93
mentioned, 1284, 1392
Oates, Joyce Carol, “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?,” 1368–80
Obama, Barack, “Tucson Memorial Speech,” 271–76
O’Brien, Tim
mentioned, 1283, 1399
“On the Rainy River,” 1399–1410
“O Captain! My Captain!” (Whitman), 659–60
occasion
rhetorical situation and, 3
SOAPS and, 5–6, 23
Occom, Samson, 514–15
“Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, An” (Bierce), 875–82
O’Connor, Flannery, “Good Country People,” 1300–1314
TalkBack: “Beyond the Peacock: The Reconstruction of Flannery O’Connor” (Walker), 1320–21
TalkBack: “In Search of Flannery O’Connor” (Downes), 1315–19
O’Connor, Sandra Day, “Not by Math Alone” (with Roy Romer), 117–19
Office of Civil Defense, “Duck and Cover,” 1470
Ogletree, Charles, Jr., “Litigating the Legacy of Slavery,” 1240–42
O’Hara, Frank, “On Seeing Larry Rivers’ Washington Crossing the Delaware at the Museum of Modern Art,” 462–63
“Ohio Electric, The” (Ohio Electric Car Company), 1529–30
Ohio Electric Car Company, “The Ohio Electric,” 1529–30
O’Keefe, Georgia, Special No. 12, 1070
Oladipo, Jennifer, “Why Can’t Environmentalism Be Colorblind?,” 104–5
Olds, Sharon, “Rites of Passage,” 1391
O’Meally, Robert, Seeing Jazz, 1194–97
“On Being Brought from Africa to America” (Wheatley), 507
“On Bird, Bird-Watching and Jazz” (Ellison), 49–50, 51–52
One: Number 31 (Pollock), 1211
“On Laziness” (Morley), 67–69
“On ‘New Poetry’” (Lowell), 1257–60
“On Seeing Larry Rivers’ Washington Crossing the Delaware at the Museum of Modern Art” (O’Hara), 462–63
“On Self-Respect” (Didion), 1341–44
“On the Equality of the Sexes” (Murray), 419–22
“On the Rainy River” (O’Brien), 1399–1410
“Open Boat, The” (Crane), 900–917
open thesis statements, 99
oration, classical, 116–20
“Order of the Day” (Eisenhower), 17–18
Orenstein, Peggy, “What’s Wrong with Cinderella?,” 110
origin stories, native American
“How the World Was Made,” 192–94
“The Earth on Turtle’s Back,” 194–95
O’Rourke, P. J., “The End of the Affair,” 1547–50
Ostrom, Hans, “Emily Dickinson and Elvis Presley in Heaven,” 840–41
O’Sullivan, Timothy, A Harvest of Death, 685–86
Otsuka, Julie, When the Emperor Was Divine 1221–30
“Our Imbecilic Constitution” (Levinson), 414–17
“Our Wall” (Bowden), 1014–17
Outliers (Gladwell), 121–23
“Out of My Hands” (Alvarez), 165–67
Oxbow, The (Cole), 555–56
Paine, Thomas
mentioned, 345, 346, 375–76, 378, 403, 601, 1022–23
writings
The Age of Reason, 383–84
Common Sense, 376–78
The Crisis, I, 378–79
The Final Crisis, XIII, 380–82
Painter, Nell Irvin, 403
“Paper Matches” (Jiles), 72–73
parallelism, analyzing syntax and, 50
Parini, Jay, 758, 807
Parks, Rosa, 26, 1282
Parrington, Vernon Louis, 819–20
passive voice, 1273–74
pathos
combining with ethos and logos, 18–20
defined, 13–17
“Pathways to the Middle Class: Balancing Personal and Public Responsibilities” (Sawhill, Winship, and Grannis), 1521–23
Pearlston, Carl, 505
Penn’s Treaty with the Indians (West), 369
Percy, Benjamin, “The Virginian Teaches the Merit of a Man,” 1055–56
periodic sentence patterns, 50, 51, 812, 814
peroratio, 117
Perry, Bliss, The American Spirit in Literature, 1260–62
personal experience, 104
personification, 50
PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals), “Feeding Kids Meat Is Child Abuse,” 29
Peters, John, 506
Pew Research Center, “Americans and Their Cars: Is the Romance on the Skids?,” 1543–46
Philbrick, Nathaniel, 647
phrases, parallelism and, 1558
Picasso, Pablo, 1069
Pierce, Franklin, 548
Pinker, Steven
“The Evolutionary Social Psychology of Off-Record Indirect Speech Acts,” 154–55
The Stuff of Thought, 153
“Words Don’t Mean What They Mean,” 152
Pinkus, Susan, 1324
Pinsky, Robert, 1093, 1212
Pitney, David Howard, 277
Pizarro, Francisco, 187
“Plea for Captain John Brown, A” (Thoreau), 737–42
Pocahontas, 190. See also Pocahontas: A Woman, a Movie, a Myth? (Conversation)
Pocahontas (Christy), 320–21
Pocahontas: A Woman, a Movie, a Myth? (Conversation), 305–35
Poe, Edgar Allan
mentioned, 548, 576
“The Fall of the House of Usher,” 576–89
poetic syntax, 72
poetry
close reading, 72–73
rhetorical analysis of, 21–24
“Poetry” (Moore), 1091–93
policy, claims of, 94–96
Pollock, Jackson, One: Number 31, 1211
Polyp, “Rat Race,” 137
Portrait of a German Officer (Hartley), 1082–83
post hoc ergo propter hoc, 109
Postman, Neil, 808
Pound, Ezra
mentioned, 1069, 1074
writings
“A Few Don’ts by an Imagiste,” 1075–78
“In the Station of the Metro,” 1074
Powers, William, Hamlet’s BlackBerry, 795–800
“Prayer of Columbus” (Whitman), 287–89
Preamble to the United States Constitution, 412
TalkBack: “Our Imbecilic Constitution” (Levinson), 414–17
precise verbs, 1273
premises, in deductive reasoning, 124, 126
Problem We All Live With, The (Rockwell), 161
“Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam” (Minh), 396–98
“Prologue, The” (Bradstreet), 222–24
“Promised Land” (Niemann), 1017–18
propositions. See claims
“Psalm of Life, A” (Longfellow), 573–74
punctuation
appositives and, 535–36
with cumulative, periodic, and inverted sentence patterns, 814
with subordinate clauses, 337
purpose
rhetorical situation and, 3
SOAPS checklist and, 5–6, 23
qualifier, in Toulmin model, 126–27, 130
quantitative evidence, 111
questions, asking, 48–49, 50–51
Quindlen, Anna, “The C Word in the Hallways,” 95
quotations, 178–79
Rabbit, Run (Updike), 1535–37
“Racial Reparations: Japanese American Redress and African American Claims” (Yamamoto), 1231–37
Radosh, Ronald, “Case Closed: The Rosenbergs Were Soviet Spies,” 1484–86
Ragged Dick, or Street Life in New York with the Boot Blacks (Alger), 1493–97
Rand, Ayn, “The July 16, 1969, Launch: A Symbol of Man’s Greatness” (Rand), 38–40
Rasmussen, William M. S., 335
“Rat Race” (Polyp), 137
Ray, David, 1043
Reading the Emancipation Proclamation in the Slaves’ Cabin (Herrick), 697
Reagan, Ronald
“Farewell Address,” 265–66
mentioned, 1231
reason, subordinating conjunctions indicating, 336
reasoning
circular, 104
faulty (see logical fallacies)
inductive and deductive, 120–26
rebuttal, in Toulmin model, 130
Reconstruction of the South, 824
“Recruitment poster” (U.S. Navy), 28
Red Cloud, “Speech on Indian Rights,” 843–45
“Redesigning Pocahontas: Disney, the ‘White Man’s Indian,’ and the Marketing of Dreams” (Jackson and Edgerton), 324–29
red herring fallacy, 102
Red Jacket
“Defense of Native American Religion,” 484–86
mentioned, 348
Reflections (Juan), 1428
refutation
in classical oration (refutatio), 117, 120
counterarguments and, 11, 20
Relation of Cabeza de Vaca, The (Cabeza de Vaca), 210–16
relevance of evidence
fallacies
ad hominem, 102–3
faulty analogy, 103
red herring, 102
need for, 101
Religious Tolerance (Conversation), 472–506
“Reluctance” (Frost), 1078–79
Remington, Frederic, A Dash for the Timber, 1028
Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (Douglass), 699–703
Report of the Massachusetts Board of Education (Mann), 157–59
Requierimiento, The (Ferdinand of Spain), 284–85
reservation, in Toulmin model, 126–27, 130
restrictive appositives, 535
restrictive clauses, 337
Revere, Paul
mentioned, 370
works
engraving of Boston Massacre, 345
“The Able Doctor, or America Swallowing the Bitter Draught,” 370–71
Reynolds, David, “Freedom’s Martyr,” 750–52
rhetoric, introduction to
effective and ineffective rhetoric, 29–31
overview, 1
rhetorical analysis
of fiction and poetry, 21–24
of visual texts, 25–26
rhetorical appeals
combining ethos, logos, and pathos, 18–20
ethos, 8–10
logos, 11–12
pathos, 13–17
rhetorical situation, 2–4
SOAPS, 5–6
rhetorical analysis
of fiction and poetry, 21–24
of visual texts, 25–26
rhetorical appeals
combining ethos, logos, and pathos, 18–20
ethos, 8–10
logos, 11–12
pathos, 13–17
rhetorical situation
analyzing style and, 44–45
defined, 2–4
rhetorical triangle, 3–4
rhyme, 72
Rich, Adrienne
“Diving into the Wreck,” 1381–84
mentioned, 839, 1285, 1381
“Richard Cory” (Robinson), 919
Richter, Daniel
“Living with Europeans,” 306–13
mentioned, 335
Riis, Jacob
mentioned, 827, 869
works
Baby in a Slum Tenement, 873
It Costs a Dollar a Month to Sleep in These Sheds, 871
“The Mixed Crowd,” 870–74
“Rip Van Winkle” (Irving), 435–48
Rise of Nuclear Fear, The (Weart), 1486–89
“Rites of Passage” (Olds), 1391
Robinson, E. A.
“Miniver Cheevy,” 920–21
“Richard Cory,” 919
Rockwell, Norman, The Problem We All Live With, 161
Roethke, Theodore, “The Waking,” 1322–23
Rogerian arguments, 85–87
“Role of Religion in Government, The” (Jacoby), 490–91
“Roman Fever” (Wharton), 1128–37
Romer, Roy, “Not by Math Alone” (with Sandra Day O’Connor), 117–19
Roosevelt, Eleanor
mentioned, 1072, 1138
“What Libraries Mean to the Nation,” 1138–41
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
mentioned, 379, 1072
writings
“Executive Order No. 9066,” 1215–17
“Second Inaugural Address: One-Third of a Nation,” 1143–46
Roosevelt, Theodore, “The Strenuous Life,” 922–25
“Rosa” (Dove), 1423–24
“Rosa Parks” (Toles), 26
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 1468
Rowlandson, Mary
mentioned, 190, 231–32
A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, 232–38
TalkBack: “Captivity” (Erdrich), 240–42
Sacco, Joe, “Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt” (with Chris Hedges), 1457–66
“Sacred, The” (Dunn), 1541–42
Safire, William, “In Event of Moon Disaster,” 38
Salzman, Randy, 1556
Sandel, Michael J., Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?, 125
“Sandwich. Snack. Arsenic.” (American Lung Association), 270
“Santa Ana Winds, The” (Didion), 52–53
Santayana, George, 187
Santiago, Fabiola, “In College, These American Citizens Are Not Created Equal,” 106–7
Sanzgirl, Shona, 1456
Sartwell, Crispin, “My Walden, My Walmart,” 801–92
“Satisfying Meal, A,” 196–97
“Save the Redwoods” (Muir), 42–44
Sawhill, Isabel V., “Pathways to the Middle Class: Balancing Personal and Public Responsibilities” (with Scott Winship and Kerry Searle Grannis), 1521–23
“Say It Ain’t So, Huck: Second Thoughts on Mark Twain’s Masterpiece” (Smiley), 149–50
Schama, Simon, 370
Scheibach, Michael, Atomic Narratives and American Youth: Coming of Age with the Atom, 1945–55, 1481–83
Schell, Jonathan, The Fate of the Earth, 1184–86
Schlosser, Eric, Fast Food Nation, 965–68
“School Days of an Indian Girl, The” (Zitkala-Ŝa), 935–40
“Sculptor’s Funeral, The” (Cather), 950–60
Seabiscuit (Hillenbrand), 148–49
second-hand evidence
expert opinion, 110
historical information, 108–9
literary sources, 112–14
quantitative evidence, 111
“Second Inaugural Address” (Lincoln), 695–96
“Second Inaugural Address: One-Third of a Nation” (Roosevelt), 1143–46
“Secrets of Princeton, The” (Douthat), 172–73
“Secret to Fixing Bad Schools, The” (Kirp), 169–71
Seeing Jazz (O’Meally), 1194–97
Segell, Michael, The Devil’s Horn, 1209–10
“Self-Reliance” (Emerson), 590–600
sentence patterns
coordinating, 810
cumulative, 811, 814
exercises, 814–18
inverted, 813–14
periodic, 812, 814
simple, 809
subordinating, 810
sentences, complex. See complex sentences
sentence types, 50
“Sentencing Statement” (Anthony), 971–73
Sergeant, Winthrop, 1213
Shaara, Michael, The Killer Angels, 21–22
Shapley, Harlow, 1082
shared values, 8, 10, 20
Sherr, Lynn, 934
“Shiloh: A Requiem” (Melville), 647–48
“Short History of America, A” (Crumb), 783–84
“Shut the Door” (Smith), 1007–10
“Significance of the Frontier in American History, The” (Turner), 1029
similes, 50
simple sentence patterns, 809
Sinclair, Upton
The Jungle, 960–64
mentioned, 827, 960
TalkBack: Fast Food Nation (Schlosser), 965–68
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (Edwards), 258–59
situation, rhetorical. See rhetorical situation
Sklar, Holly, “The Growing Gulf between the Rich and the Rest of Us,” 1506–8
“Slave Reparations Movement Adopts the Rhetoric of Victimhood, The” (Staples), 1237–39
“Slip, Slop, Slap and Wrap!” (Environmental Protection Agency), 77
slippery slope fallacy, 134
Slow Food Nation (Waters), 11–12
“Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted” (Gladwell), 1358–66
Smiley, Jane, “Say It Ain’t So, Huck: Second Thoughts on Mark Twain’s Masterpiece,” 149–50
Smith, Ellison DuRant, “Shut the Door,” 1007–10
Smith, Hedrick, Who Stole the American Dream?, 1514–21
Smith, John, “Letter to Queen Anne of Great Britain,” 315–17
Smith, Tracy K., “Letter to a Photojournalist Going-In,” 1429–30
“Snow” (Alvarez), 1478–79
SOAPS
analysis of The Killer Angels (Shaara), 22–23
defined, 5–6
so that, 336
“Soul selects her own Society—, The” (Dickinson), 835
sound, 72
sources, synthesizing. See synthesizing sources
Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases (Wells-Barnett), 883–87
Sowell, Thomas, “Income Confusion,” 1512–13
speaker
rhetorical triangle and, 3–4
SOAPS checklist and, 5–6, 23
Special No. 12 (O’Keefe), 1070
“Speech at Pennsylvania Hall” (Weld), 47–48
“Speech of Miss Polly Baker, The” (Franklin), 350–52
“Speech on Child Labor” (Kelley), 980–82
“Speech on Indian Rights” (Red Cloud), 843–45
“Speech to Congress, March 15, 1965” (Johnson), 9–10
“Speech to the Second Virginia Convention” (Henry), 373–75
Spiegelman, Art
9/11/2001, 1426–27
mentioned, 1285, 1426
TalkBack: Reflections (Juan), 1428
Spielberg, Steven, 730
Spirit of American Literature, The (Macy), 1252–54
“Spirit of Place, The” (Lawrence), 1262–63
Stafford, William
“At the Un-National Monument along the Canadian Border,” 648
mentioned, 1079
Stalin, Joseph, 1280
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, “Declaration of Sentiments,” 393–95
Staples, Brent
mentioned, 1394
writings
“Just Walk On By: A Black Man Ponders His Power to Alter Public Space,” 1394–97
“The Slave Reparations Movement Adopts the Rhetoric of Victimhood,” 1237–39
“Star-Spangled Banner, The” (Key), 433–34
“Star Wars” (Ebert), 92–94
“Statement by the President of the United States” (Truman), 1181–84
statistics. See quantitative evidence
Stazesky, Richard C., 471
Steerage, The (Stieglitz), 140
Steinbeck, John
mentioned, 1072, 1147
“The Chrysanthemums,” 1147–55
Stephenson, Wen, 277, 278
Stevens, Wallace
mentioned, 1069, 1084
TalkBack: “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Tortilla” (Abeyta), 1087–89
“Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird,” 1084–86
Stieglitz, Alfred
mentioned, 1109
The Steerage, 140
St. Marie, Buffy, 934
“Story of an Hour, The” (Chopin), 888–90
Stowe, Harriet Beecher
mentioned, 549, 627
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 627–40
straw man fallacy, 103
“Strenuous Life, The” (Roosevelt), 922–25
Stuart, Gilbert, George Washington—Lansdowne Portrait, 454–55
Stuff of Thought, The (Pinker), 153
style, analyzing
determining tone, 46–47
establishing rhetorical situation, 44–45
introduction, 41–42
model analysis, 45–46
subject
rhetorical triangle and, 4
SOAPS checklist and, 5–6, 23
subordination, as sentence pattern, 810
subordination in complex sentences
exercises, 339–42
overview, 336–37
rhetorical and stylistic strategy, 338–39
“Subtle Problem of Charity, The” (Addams), 927–30
“Success is counted sweetest” (Dickinson), 134–35
sufficiency of evidence, 101, 103–4
fallacies of insufficiency
circular reasoning, 104
hasty generalization, 103, 106
Suffragette Madonna (Dunston-Weiler Lithograph Company), 982–83
Sullivan, John Jeremiah, “Michael,” 1447–56
Sullivan, Robert, 808
“Superman and Me” (Alexie), 1420–23
“Supermarket in California, A” (Ginsberg), 667
Supervisory Committee for Recruiting Colored Regiments, “Come and Join Us Brothers,” 687–88
support (evidence), in Toulmin model, 126–27
Sweet, Charles A., Jr., 1155
Swing Landscape (Davis), 1198–99
syllogisms, 123–24, 126
syntax
analyzing, 50, 51
poetic, 72
synthesizing sources
overview, 147–48
uses of sources
to appeal to an audience, 152–55
to inform an argument, 148–49
in literary analysis, 149–50
writing a synthesis essay
citing sources, 180
formulating position, 175–77
framing or integrating quotations, 178–79
sample essay: “You Gotta Fight for Your Right…to Education (Broderick), 180–83
See also Education: The Civil Rights Issue of Our Time? (Conversation)
“Talented Tenth, The” (DuBois), 944–49
talking with the text
annotating, 52, 54–55
asking questions, 48–49, 50–51
close reading, 58–60
graphic organizers, 55–58
Tanner, Benjamin, America Guided by Wisdom (with John J. Barralet), 349
Taylor, Edward
“Huswifery,” 230–31
mentioned, 191, 230
Taylor, Paul, 1023
Tecumseh
mentioned, 348, 430
works
“Address to General William Henry Harrison,” 430–32
“Address to the Osages,” 60–62
“Ten Commandments Courthouse Controversy” (Tramontina), 495–96
“Terror’s Purse Strings” (Thomas), 114–16
“Thanatopsis” (Bryant), 551–53
“Thanksgiving Table, The” (Cole), 15
“Theme for English B” (Hughes), 1298–99
Theory of the Leisure Class, The (Veblen), 976–78
“There Was a Child Went Forth” (Whitman), 657–58
thesis statements
for close-analysis essays, 65
closed, 98–99
counterargument, 99–100
open, 99
“Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird” (Stevens), 1084–86
“Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Tortilla” (Abeyta), 1087–89
“This Is Just to Say” (Williams), 1109–10
“This Is the Car You Buy Because You Can’t Buy a Bald Eagle” (Dodge Motor Company), 468
Thomas, Dana, “Terror’s Purse Strings,” 114–16
Thoreau, Henry David
mentioned, 548
writings
“A Plea for Captain John Brown,” 737–42
Walden, 763–77
See also The Legacy of Henry David Thoreau (Conversation)
“Those Winter Sundays” (Hayden), 1367–68
Tilton, Robert S., 335
time, subordinating conjunctions indicating, 337
Times, “Man Takes First Steps on the Moon,” 34–36
“To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe” (Bryant), 554
“To His Excellency General Washington” (Wheatley), 512–14
To Kill a Mockingbird (Lee), 132–33
Toles, Tom
“Crazed Rhetoric,” 86
“Rosa Parks cartoon,” 26
“To My Old Master” (Anderson), 829–30
tone, 46–47
“To S.M., a Young African Painter on Seeing His Works” (Wheatley), 508–9
“To the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island” (Washington), 483
“To the University of Cambridge, in New-England” (Wheatley), 510–11
Toulmin model, 126–31
Toynton, Evelyn, Jackson Pollock, 1210–12
Trading, Traveling, and Mosquitoes (DeGrazia), 218
Tramontina, Gary, “Ten Commandments Courthouse Controversy,” 495–96
“Transported” (Herblock), 40
Trial of George Jacobs, 5th August, 1692, The (Matteson), 247
triangle, rhetorical, 3–4
“Tribute to George Washington” (Addams), 460–62
trickster stories, native American
“Coyote Gets Stuck,” 197–98
“A Satisfying Meal,” 196–97
TalkBack: “The Becoming of the Native: Man in America before Columbus” (Momaday), 198–203
Trilling, Lionel, 572
Truman, Harry S, “Statement by the President of the United States,” 1181–84
TalkBack: The Fate of the Earth (Schell), 1184–86
Truth, Sojourner
“Ain’t I a Woman?,” 626
mentioned, 549, 625–26
“Tucson Memorial Speech” (Obama), 271–76
Turner, Brian
“At Lowe’s Home Improvement Center,” 1445–46
mentioned, 1285, 1445
Turner, Frederick Jackson
mentioned, 825, 1029
“The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” 1029
Twain, Mark
Life on the Mississippi, 847–55
mentioned, 548, 847
“Un-American Bill, An” (Clancy), 1004–7
Uncle Sam Suffragee (Dunston-Weiler Lithograph Company), 982–83
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 549, 627–40
“Unknown Citizen, The” (Auden), 1169–70
Updike, John, Rabbit, Run, 1535–37
U.S. Army Nurse Corps, “Recruitment poster,” 27
U.S. Army Signal Corps, “Inauguration of John F. Kennedy,” 84
Uses of Argument, The (Toulmin), 126
U.S. Navy, “Recruitment poster,” 28
value, claims of, 91–92
values, shared. See shared values
van de Passe, Simon, “Matoaka als Rebecca,” 314–15
Vanderlyn, John, Landing of Columbus, 285–86
“Van Winkle” (Crane), 449–50
“Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams” (Koch), 1111–12
Veblen, Thorstein, The Theory of the Leisure Class, 976–78
verbs, choice of
active verbs, 1273–74
direct verbs, 1272
exercises, 1274–75
overview, 1271–72
precise verbs, 1273
Vespucci, Amerigo, 187
Veteran in a New Field, The (Homer), 831
villanelle, 1324
“Virginia Act for Establishing Religious Freedom, The” (Jefferson), 481–82
Virginian, The (Wister), 1036–41
“Virginian Teaches the Merit of a Man, The” (Percy), 1055–56
visual texts
analyzing, as arguments, 137–42
close reading, 74–76
rhetorical analysis of, 25–26
“Votes for Women” (Boye), 984–85
“Voyage to the Moon” (MacLeish), 37
“Waking, The” (Roethke), 1322–23
Walden (Thoreau), 763–77
“Walden” (White), 779–83
“Walden: Living Deliberately” (McKibben), 759–62
“Walden on Wheels: On the Open Road from Debt to Freedom” (Ilgunas), 802–6
Walker, Alice, “Beyond the Peacock: The Reconstruction of Flannery O’Connor,” 1320–21
Walker, Samuel, Hate Speech: The History of an American Controversy, 108–9
Warhol, Andy, 1109
warrant (assumption), in Toulmin model
analyzing, 127–29
defined, 126–27
using in own writing, 130
Warren, Robert Penn
All the King’s Men, 71–72
mentioned, 660
Was America Founded As a Christian Nation? (Fea), 499–503
Washington, Booker T.
“The Atlanta Exposition Address,” 891–94
mentioned, 823, 891
Washington, George
mentioned, 347, 378
writings
“Farewell Address,” 452–54
“Letter to Colonel Lewis Nicola,” 451–52
“Letter to Phillis Wheatley,” 512–13
“To the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island,” 483
See also Myth of George Washington, The (Conversation)
Washington Crossing the Delaware (Leutze), 459
Watson, Peter, 1276–77
Weart, Spencer R., The Rise of Nuclear Fear, 1486–89
Weatherford, Jack, “Examining the Reputation of Christopher Columbus,” 289–91
Webb, Stephen H., “How Soccer Is Ruining America: A Jeremiad,” 267–68
Weems, Mason Locke, A History of the Life and Death, Virtues and Exploits of General George Washington, 456–57
Weld, Angelina Grimké, “Speech at Pennsylvania Hall,” 47–48
Welling, James C., 730
Wells-Barnett, Ida B.
mentioned, 823, 883
Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases, 883–87
West, Benjamin, Penn’s Treaty with the Indians, 368–69
Western Defense Command, “Evacuation Order,” 1217–19
Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way (Leutze), 548
“We Wear the Mask” (Dunbar), 895–96
Wexler, Laura, 941
Weymouth, George, 187
Wharton, Edith
“The House of Mirth,” 978–80
“Roman Fever,” 1127–37
“What, to the Slave, Is the Fourth of July?” (Douglass), 260–62
“What Columbus Day Really Means” (Connell), 296–300
What Is American Literature? (Conversation), 1247–71
“What Libraries Mean to the Nation” (Roosevelt), 1138–41
“What’s Wrong with Cinderella?” (Orenstein), 110
Wheatley, Phillis
mentioned, 348
writings
“Letter to Reverend Samson Occom,” 514–15
“On Being Brought from Africa to America,” 507
“To His Excellency General Washington,” 512–14
“To S.M., a Young African Painter on Seeing His Works,” 508–9
“To the University of Cambridge, in New-England,” 510–11
See also Influence of Phillis Wheatley, The (Conversation)
When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women from 1950 to the Present (Collins), 988–91
“When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer” (Whitman), 24
When the Emperor Was Divine (Otsuka), 1221–30
“When Will We Learn?” (Zakaria), 108, 111
“Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” (Oates), 1368–80
White, E. B.
“Farewell, My Lovely!,” 1530–35
“Walden,” 779–83
White, Ronald C., Jr., 729
“White Heron, A” (Jewett), 856–63
Whitman, Walt
mentioned, 548, 657
TalkBack: “A Supermarket in California” (Ginsberg), 667
writings
“Crossing Brooklyn Ferry,” 660–65
“Letter to Ralph Waldo Emerson,” 1247–49
“O Captain! My Captain!,” 659–60
“Prayer of Columbus,” 287–89
“There Was a Child Went Forth,” 657–58
“When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer,” 24
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 757
“Who Freed the Slaves?” (McPherson), 706–14
“Who Freed the Slaves? Emancipation and Its Meaning” (Berlin), 715–24
Who Stole the American Dream? (Smith), 1514–21
“Why Can’t Environmentalism Be Colorblind?” (Oladipo), 104–5
“Why Investing in Fast Food May Be a Good Thing” (Domini), 87–88
“Why I Wrote The Crucible” (Miller), 1479–80
“Why They Aren’t Writing the Great American Novel Anymore” (Wolfe), 1264–66
Will, George, “King Coal: Reigning in China,” 12–13
Williams, Roger, 506
Williams, William Carlos
mentioned, 1069, 1093, 1106
TalkBack: I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold (Demuth), 1108
TalkBack: “Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams” (Koch), 1111–12
writings
“The Great Figure,” 1106–7
“This Is Just to Say,” 1109–10
Wills, Gary
Lincoln at Gettysburg, 113
mentioned, 469, 693, 729
“Wilma Mankiller Reflects on Columbus Day” (National Public Radio), 293–96
Wilson, E. O.
Future of Life, The 788–92
mentioned, 758
Wilson, Sondra Kathryn, 943
Wilson, Woodrow, 828, 1069
Winship, Scott, “Pathways to the Middle Class: Balancing Personal and Public Responsibilities” (with Isabel V. Sawhill and Kerry Searle Grannis), 1521–23
Winthrop, John
“A Modell of Christian Charity” (Winthrop), 255–56
mentioned, 254
Wister, Owen, The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains, 1036–41
Witchcraft at Salem Village, 191
Wolfe, Tom
The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby, 1537–40
“Why They Aren’t Writing the Great American Novel Anymore,” 1264–66
Woman in the Nineteenth Century (Fuller), 607–13
women, changing roles of. See Changing Roles of Women, The (Conversation)
Women and Economics (Gilman), 974–76
“Women’s Brains” (Gould), 1385–89
Wonders of the Invisible World (Mather), 243
Wood, James, 1456
words, parallelism and, 1557
“Words Don’t Mean What They Mean” (Pinker), 152
Works Progress Administration, “Bookmobile, Louisiana,” 1141–42
“Worse than Slavery” (Nast), 845–46
Wright, Richard
mentioned, 1071, 1170
“The Man Who Was Almost a Man,” 1171–79
Wright Brothers, 828
Yamamoto, Eric K., “Racial Reparations: Japanese American Redress and African American Claims,” 1231–37
“You Gotta Fight for Your Right…to Education” (Broderick), 180–83
Young, Kevin
“Homage to Phillis Wheatley,” 515–17
mentioned, 1213
Zakaria, Fareed, “When Will We Learn?,” 108, 111
zeugma, 55, 1560–61
Zitkala-Ŝa
images, 941
mentioned, 934–35
“The School Days of an Indian Girl,” 935–40