Author: Taryn A. Myers, Ph.D., Virginia Wesleyan College
Please note: Clinical Choices allows you to enhance and test your understanding of the disorders and treatments covered in your textbook, in a simulated case study environment. It is not intended to replicate an actual intake interview or therapy session or provide training on therapeutic techniques. Clinical Choices is for educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for clinical training. This particular case deals with a DSM-5 disorder that may be unfamiliar to some individuals and may make some individuals uncomfortable.
The receptionist hands you the intake paperwork prior to your intake interview with your new client, Charles, who was referred to you for a psychological evaluation and treatment by his doctor before he begins a new treatment regimen for his disorder. Your receptionist mentions that Charles’s parents and sister are with him. Click the button below to review the paperwork before you begin the interview.
New Client
Charles: Case #10113
Psychological Clinic
Intake Paperwork
Client Name: Charles
Age: 15 years old
Gender: Male
Ethnicity: Biracial (White and African-American)
Occupation: Student
Current living situation: I live at home with my parents and sister, Amanda
Why are you seeking services at our clinic?
My doctor, Dr. Bird, wants me to see you before I start treatment for my condition and then I need to keep seeing you during the treatment. She says treatment is a long process, and I want to get this going before I start college. Dr. Bird also said it would help my family if we all talked to someone together about my condition. She’s concerned about me—how I’m going to adjust to everything.
You will now ask Charles and his family a number of questions you would typically ask during the intake interview. As you conduct the interview with Charles, begin to think about his symptoms, what his diagnosis might be, and later, what type of treatment might be most helpful to him. Click the “play” button below the illustration to hear Charles’s and his family’s responses to your questions. To read the transcript for these answers, click on the “transcript” button. Take notes in the box provided as you listen to Charles’s responses.
“Hi Charles, it’s good to meet you. Mom and Dad – Lorna and Lee – and Amanda, thanks for coming today. What we are doing today is called an intake interview. I’m going to have you tell me what brought you here today, and I’m going to ask you some questions that I ask everyone who comes to the clinic. This information will tell me how best to help you. This may mean continuing to come to see me for therapy at this clinic, or it may involve referring you to another mental health professional or facility. Let’s start. Tell me about what brought you to the clinic today.”
Transcript
Charles: [quietly at first but then becoming louder and more direct] Dr. Bird says I have to talk to you before I start my treatment regimen. She says we’ll need to work together to assess my progress before she will agree to do my surgery. I want to get this going. I know treatment can be a really long process, and I want this to MOVE. But… [pause] Dr. Bird says my family—my mom and dad-- also need to talk about the issues they have with my diagnosis. [Rolling eyes] So everyone is here.
Mom: We want to be supportive, don’t get us wrong, but I don’t understand why we have to rush into this, Charles. You can wait to start the treatment. You’re only 15.
Amanda: [almost interrupting--some hostility towards her mother evident in her voice] I, for one, want to be as helpful and supportive as I can.
Dad: [uncomfortable and frustrated] I really don’t understand why I have to be here. Why are we all required to be here when this is Charles’s personal issue?
Check Your Notes
What brought you in?
Charles
- Doctor says need to see psychologist to discuss issues before treatment
Family
- Mom wants to be supportive but does not want to rush treatment
- Sister wants to be supportive
- Dad does not want to be there
“Tell me about the treatment you hope to undergo, Charles.”
Transcript
Charles: I’ll start hormone treatment first; Dr. Bird says you’ll help her monitor my behavior as I go through the treatment changes…make sure I adjust ok to all the hormones, I guess?... I don’t really understand why I need to see you when she can just treat me. I will also make some behavioral changes before – or I guess during? – the treatment. I hope my family will help me with those, but [pauses, then softer] I know my mom and dad aren’t very comfortable with all this. Then in several years … such as long time to wait! ... when I’m ready, Dr. Bird will perform the surgery. [brighter and more hopeful] She’s known for this surgery. She’s world famous-- I feel really lucky to have her as my doctor.
Dad: [breaking in] This is really uncomfortable to talk about. Are you sure I need to be here?
Mom: We’re going to all try to be supportive, Lee. Even if I think it’s far too early for Charles to be taking these drastic steps.
Amanda: [to Charles] Even if mom and dad aren’t, I’m with you 100%. I’ve got your back!
Check Your Notes
Treatment:
Charles
- Hormone treatment → Monitored by Dr. Bird
- Simultaneous behavioral changes → hopes family can help
- Surgery
Family
- Mom supportive with reservations about timing
- Dad uncomfortable
- Sister 100% supportive
- Idea that this is potentially uncomfortable
Which of the following options represent potential diagnoses for Charles? Check all that apply. To review the diagnostic criteria for each disorder, click on the disorder name.
wCfH0QtRgXJ8o+c+ | Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder |
bI0LPa9lfHQ+dYqk | Erectile Disorder |
wCfH0QtRgXJ8o+c+ | Premature Ejaculation |
bI0LPa9lfHQ+dYqk | Delayed Ejaculation |
wCfH0QtRgXJ8o+c+ | Transvestic Disorder |
wCfH0QtRgXJ8o+c+ | Pedophilic Disorder |
bI0LPa9lfHQ+dYqk | Gender Dysphoria |
Hint
Think about which of the disorders might require hormone treatment and possibly surgery. There is more than one correct answer.
“When did your issue first begin, Charles?”
Transcript
Charles: [softly and with some hesitation] I… I actually prefer to be called Cheryl. And I honestly don’t remember when I first felt like this. I never felt like I was a guy. From the time I understood the difference between girls and boys, I just felt like I was a girl trapped in the wrong body.
Dad: I remember telling him to stop whining like a girl and be a man at age 2.
Amanda: I think when he was around 3, he wanted to play dress up with my clothes, put barrettes in his hair. We had a blast.
Mom: [nervously] We thought it was no big deal! He looked so cute in Amanda’s clothes. Just kids being kids, playing dress up.
Dad: [breaking in angrily] I knew it was a big deal. I used to tell him to take those girl clothes off. I told ALL of you not to encourage that behavior.
Amanda: Nobody was getting hurt. It was really fun for both of us! And then one day they freaked out because I painted his nails.
Mom: [quietly] That set off some warning bells for me. It was taking it too far.
Dad: That was also around 3, wasn’t it? And then there was the potty training!
He wanted—no, insisted on —sitting down to pee like a girl. [Sadly] It took me a long time to figure out that Charles is never going to act the way men act. No matter what I said, how I tried to show him how to fit in… it just didn’t make a difference.
Check Your Notes
When did issue first begin?
Charles/Cheryl
- Prefers to be called Cheryl
- Always felt like a girl in a boy’s body
Family
- From age 2 or 3
- Played dress up in sister’s clothes
- Potty training – insisted on sitting down to pee
“Thank you for sharing your preferred name with me, Cheryl. I will try to respect your preferences, but if I mess up, don’t be afraid to correct me! What was it like for you when you started attending school?”
Transcript
Dad: [aside] Cheryl. Such B.S. We named you Charles after my father - your grandfather.
Cheryl: Dad, I – [quiet, less comfortable] I started school when I was 4 or so, I think. My teacher, Mrs. Sabathia, was really nice. She saw that I was different from other boys, and she didn’t seem to care. I liked to be the mom when we played house, like pretending to clean and cook like my mom. I didn’t really like roughhousing or wrestling. I’d play hopscotch or jump rope with a group of girls, and no one seemed to mind – no one at school, that is.
Check Your Notes
School:
Cheryl
- Preschool teacher was great
- Liked to play with girls → typical girl activities
- Didn’t like doing typical boy activities
- Teacher and classmates were accepting
“How about when you got older? Was school still as easy to navigate when you felt like you were trapped in the wrong body?”
Transcript
Cheryl: [sadly] Things got really rough in first grade. We had separate boys and girls bathrooms for the first time, and I hated it! I don’t like to pee standing up, so I’d have to rush to be the first one in the bathroom so I could get a stall. I would complain about the other kids playing too rough with me or start crying – I mean, I really felt like I had emotions like a girl would, not a boy – and then I’d get called a “sissy.” The girls didn’t really accept me, even though I liked playing with them. It was like I didn’t fit in anywhere. And mom made me wear boy’s pants and overalls to school, so I felt really self-conscious and embarrassed.
Mom: [defensive] I made him wear boy’s clothes - as was appropriate … [sadly] but he hated it.
Amanda: As soon as Cheryl got home from school, she would change into my old clothes. She loved my pink and purple stuff! I’m only 2 years older, so lots of my stuff fit her. [To Cheryl] I remember that you always seemed more comfortable once you changed clothes, more like yourself…happier.
Dad: First grade was the first time someone outside the family expressed concern about Charles’s behavior. His first-grade teacher asked us to come in for a conference.
Mom: I remember she said how well he was doing in school! But—
Dad: [cutting her off] But she expressed concern about his social development. She told us that Charles’s behavior was – different – from that of the other boys. She said he wasn’t acting normal. She said that would get harder for him as he got older and she recommended that we go to see a psychologist.
Check Your Notes
School later on:
Cheryl
- First grade → rough
- Didn’t like using boys bathroom
- Felt like had girl’s emotions
- Called a sissy
- Girls didn’t accept Cheryl
- Mom made wear boy’s clothes
Family
- Would change as soon as got home
- Conference with teacher
“Did you go to see the psychologist as your teacher recommended?”
Transcript
Cheryl: [Brightening] Yeah, and she was great! We did some family therapy – I … I would say that wasn’t much help, but I got to do individual sessions, which were great. Dr. Edelman let me play out scenarios as a girl and we figured out how I could react when kids teased me. I saw her for about 3 years, I think. Super helpful!
Dad: [irritated] As Charles has explained, we already attended family sessions. We checked that box off. I don’t understand why Charles’s new doctor is making us go through this again.
Mom: I made sure we followed through together as a family, but Lee found the therapy sessions painful. The therapist knew about these sorts of things and had us bring in Amanda so that we could try to understand about Charles not wanting to be a boy.
Amanda: I was a little confused. Why were we going to a doctor that didn’t give us shots? [laughs a little, then more seriously] But it was helpful to have someone explain what was going on with Cheryl, because I was only 8 at the time, but I knew she was different. I felt like it was helpful, even if mom and dad didn’t.
Mom: [sharply] Amanda, being a child herself, has never understood what her father and I went through. We tried to understand. We went to—we paid for-- the sessions. It just never made sense to us to address this issue when Charles was still in elementary school. He was too young to know what he wanted or needed.
Dad: [grumbling under his breath] Ridiculous waste of time.
Check Your Notes
Psychologist
Cheryl
- Very helpful
- Family and individual
- Play out scenarios as girl
- Coping skills
Family
- Dad did not find therapy helpful before
- Dad does not understand why they need to engage in therapy again
- Amanda found the therapy helpful in understanding Cheryl
- Mom thought they addressed the issue when Cheryl was too young
“Tell me more about your family. How do you all get along? What was it like for you growing up, Cheryl?”
Transcript
Cheryl: It was pretty good, I guess. Amanda and I had fun, and we got along with mom and dad—I mean, they loved us. We live in a really nice neighborhood. Our grandparents lived nearby, too, so we got really spoiled. My grandfathers didn’t get why I didn’t want to hunt and fish with them, but Grammy and Nana were totally cool about cooking with me, or taking me shopping. Mom and Dad sent me and Amanda to private schools, so I got a really good education.
Dad: I believe we gave Charles a good childhood, so I’m not sure why he continues to be so unhappy with who he is. [with pride] I’m an investment banker, so I can provide well for my family.
Mom: I teach high school English now. I started working again when Charles—I mean Cheryl-- entered junior high school. Lee and I met in college. He was quite a jock—played lacrosse, belonged to a fraternity. [Turning to her husband] That may be why it’s hard for you to understand what was going on with Charles.
Dad: [acknowledging his wife’s point] It was tough. It bothered me so much when he said he wanted to be a girl and wore his sister’s clothes and couldn’t enjoy sports the way I did as a boy. But it was even harder for our parents, especially our fathers. They thought Charles was a homosexual. They thought that was the only explanation for why he wanted to be a girl.
Amanda: I have to admit, at first it was a little confusing for me. I can basically understand where our grandparents were coming from. I always accepted Cheryl, but at first it was easier for me to think of her as gay. I have friends that are lesbians and gay guys, and I am completely cool with them – love whoever you want, right? But it took me a bit to understand what Cheryl meant when she said she wanted to be a girl instead of a boy. I think I get it now, though, and I really want you to be able to get this treatment, Cheryl.
Mom: I am trying to understand and accept this and love my child. I have helped him – her? – [to Charles] I don’t even know what to call you! –when kids bullied her at school. I love my children unconditionally and Lee and I have worked really hard to give them as happy a life as possible. But it’s so hard. I never learned about anything like this when I was growing up.
Check Your Notes
Family:
Cheryl
- Gets along well with Amanda
- Loved by parents
- Nice neighborhood
- Grandparents nearby
- Private schools
Family
- Dad → investment banker
- Mom → English teacher
- Dad was jock, traditionally masculine, struggled to understand Cheryl/Charles as a result
- Grandparents thought Cheryl/Charles was gay
- Amanda didn’t understand at first but now supports Cheryl’s treatment fully
- Mom trying to accept and be supportive
“Cheryl, what is life like for you right now?”
Transcript
Cheryl: You know, it’s ok. I’m doing pretty well in high school--I have a B average. I’m excited to go to college in a couple of years and I’m looking for schools that have good support for transgender students. I know this treatment will be tough, and I probably won’t be able to get my surgery until after college, so I’m going to need an environment where I feel accepted. About a year ago, I started researching the sex reassignment surgery and hormone treatments. I read about how they don’t let you start till after puberty so your hormones don’t go all crazy. I like wearing my hair long, and because I’m skinny, I have this sort of androgynous look that I think my friends at school are into. There are definitely other kids who dress like me.
Dating has been really weird to figure out. I’ve realized that I have feelings for guys, not girls. [Looking at his parents.] I don’t think I’m gay, though – I want a guy to love me as his girlfriend. A lot of my friends have been girls, and Amanda is the best. Sometimes it’s hard, though, because my Dad doesn’t ever show me affection – you don’t, Dad – which sucks. It’s like me being me isn’t good enough. And Mom, sometimes I feel like I don’t know where you stand. It’s like you love me, but you could love me more if I were more like your idea of who I should be. And I need you to love me as ME.
Dad: You’re a good kid. I wish I could be even more supportive, son. I do love you. I just don’t understand this part of you and why you have to put us all through this.
Cheryl: [getting upset] It’s not something I’m putting you through! This is who I AM! I’m not doing it just to do it.
Mom: [a little emotional] I’m trying really hard. I just don’t know why you can’t wait until you are out of high school to make sure this is not just a phase.
Cheryl: It’s not a phase. It’s really not. It’s not going to go away, not matter how much you want it to. [louder] This is who I am.
Check Your Notes
Life right now:
Cheryl
- OK
- B average in high school
- Researched treatment
- Long hair and androgynous look
- Attracted to men but doesn’t see self as gay—wants men to want her as a woman
- Feels dad doesn’t accept
- Feels mom isn’t completely accepting
“I want to take a minute to validate what Cheryl just said. Individuals like Cheryl genuinely feel they are born in the wrong body and biological and psychological research findings support this. I also, on the other hand, want to validate how difficult this must be to understand, as it is not an issue that is commonly discussed in our society. I feel like I have a good handle on the background of your issue now, Cheryl, but I want to get to know you a little better. Tell me about what activities you enjoy in your free time.”
Transcript
Cheryl: I really like to dance. My mom encouraged me to take dance classes. I’m also good at art. I like ceramics, and I love metal sculpture and welding. I hope that when I go to college, I can major in art. I really can’t wait to get to college. I think things will be different for me there.
Dad: Welding is the most masculine thing he does. I guess he makes some great art – I wouldn’t really know how to judge it, but his teachers say good things.
Mom: And I love that he got into dancing – I think “Dancing with the Stars” made it more ok for boys and girls to dance again.
Amanda: I’m glad that you like to cook and I always get to be your taste-tester.
Check Your Notes
Activities:
Cheryl
- Dancing
- Art → ceramics, metal sculpture
- Wants to major in art
Family
- Dad likes that Cheryl welds → most masculine thing she does
- Mom likes that Cheryl dances
- Amanda likes cooking
Hint
Think about what else Cheryl will need to address as she goes forward with her treatment.
“What behavioral changes are you planning to make as you start your treatment?”
Transcript
Cheryl: [excited] I’d like to get some clothes that are more “feminine.” I’m not sure if I’m ready to wear dresses yet, but maybe some leggings and brighter colors and patterns, and some cute shoes. I want to get a nice haircut and a mani-pedi. I think I might even paint my toenails but keep wearing closed-toed shoes. I’ve already started taking good care of my skin, but I don’t know if I’m ready to wear make-up yet. I’d like to start pushing the limits a little, [pauses, quieter] but I’m afraid of what the kids at school might say.
Mom: I told Cheryl we can go shopping right after this appointment if she wants. I’m going to try to be more supportive. I can do shopping.
Amanda: [excited] The three of us can go together! I loved painting your nails as a kid, Cheryl, and now we can do it together. This will be awesome – I’ve always wanted a sister to share this kind of stuff with.
Check Your Notes
Behavioral changes
Cheryl
- Buying more feminine clothes
- Mani/pedis
- Skin treatments
- Push the limits
- Afraid of what classmates will say
Family
- Mom will take shopping
- Amanda will go shopping and to salon
Which of the following symptoms is Cheryl currently experiencing? Check all that apply. Use your interview notes to help you remember!
bI0LPa9lfHQ+dYqk | inconsistency between assigned and experienced gender |
wCfH0QtRgXJ8o+c+ | sexual arousal from cross-dressing |
bI0LPa9lfHQ+dYqk | strong desire for sex characteristics of the other gender |
bI0LPa9lfHQ+dYqk | strong desire to be rid of one’s sex characteristics |
wCfH0QtRgXJ8o+c+ | sexual fantasies about cross-dressing |
bI0LPa9lfHQ+dYqk | strong desire to be a member of the other gender |
wCfH0QtRgXJ8o+c+ | fantasies about sexual activity with children of the same gender |
wCfH0QtRgXJ8o+c+ | fantasies about sexual activity with children of the opposite gender |
bI0LPa9lfHQ+dYqk | strong desire to be treated as a member of the other gender |
bI0LPa9lfHQ+dYqk | strong conviction that one has the typical feelings and reactions of the other gender |
Hint
Review your notes from the interview or listen to Cheryl and her parents again to review her symptoms.
Hint
Think about the following symptoms Cheryl exhibits in making your choice:
- Wanting to be the opposite gender
- Enjoying activities typical of the opposite gender
Gender dysphoria appears to be quite rare, with less than one-tenth of one percent (< 0.010%) of individuals of either biological sex seeking hormonal, surgical, or therapeutic services. However, it may also be possible that this disorder is underreported, as many people with the disorder may choose to live in silence rather than address it with a professional. Why do you think that is?
Check Your Notes
There is no real “correct” answer, this is your opinion. It is likely that gender dysphoria is a rare experience, but it may also be underreported, as it is falls outside of cultural norms of gendered behavior. However, it may also be very difficult for people with this disorder to reveal their feelings about being assigned the wrong gender because such feelings are not accepted in all sectors of society.
From the File. You remember a former patient who shared symptoms similar to Cheryl’s. You review this case to help you as you think about Cheryl’s case.
Hint
In making your choice, think about the type of treatment Cheryl is planning to seek.
Hint
In making your choice, think about what function hormones might serve.
EPILOGUE
Cheryl was diagnosed with gender dysphoria. Her treatment was covered by the family’s health insurance. She continued to see Dr. Bird, her medical doctor, who carefully monitored her hormone treatments for the rest of high school and throughout college. As her psychologist, you helped her make behavioral changes such as beginning to wear makeup and purchasing bras to support the breasts that developed as a result of hormone therapy. Cheryl also role-played with you to learn to talk to friends about her feelings about her gender and her choice to undergo medical intervention to transition to becoming biologically female. Perhaps the most important part of therapy was working with Cheryl’s family—especially her parents-- to help them understand why she wanted to make this transition. While Amanda fully accepted Cheryl’s need to become female, and Cheryl’s mother became increasingly supportive, it took Cheryl’s father several years to accept that he was never going to have the son he thought he had. He begrudgingly supported Cheryl’s transition but remained emotionally distant.
You also encouraged Cheryl to reach out to the local gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. She attended a support group organized through her surgeon’s office for individuals undergoing gender reassignment and found others who felt the same way she did. Cheryl began college at the age of 18. She majored in visual art, continuing her sculpture work and exploring new media, such as digital art. She joined the Equality Alliance on her campus and found great support there. She also took psychology and gender studies courses, where she made new friends and expanded her knowledge of gender dysphoria and related issues.
At the age of 25, you, Cheryl, and her surgeon agreed Cheryl was mentally and physically ready to undergo surgery. She underwent a procedure where her penis was inverted to become a vagina. Although the recovery was difficult, as with any surgery, Cheryl was ecstatic with the results of the surgery. She immediately felt more comfortable and confident in her own skin.
Following the surgery, Cheryl’s father became more accepting of her gender. He is able to hug her again. Amanda’s relationship with her sister remains close, and their mother is happy to have another daughter.
Since her surgery, Cheryl has been working at a local LGBT resource center and creating art in her spare time. She is now pondering going to graduate school for art therapy so she can combine her love of art with her desire to help others like herself who struggle with their gender identity.
Real World Application
Watch the following video and answer the questions below.
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) put out a statement regarding the decision of the framers of DSM-5 to maintain the diagnosis of “gender dysphoria.” The name of this disorder was changed from “gender identity disorder” despite pressure to take this diagnosis out of the DSM from many who believed the disorder pathologizes people who identify as transgender and/or transsexual. The Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Work Group argued that keeping the diagnosis in the DSM allows for insurance reimbursement for procedures that individuals with gender dysphoria may choose to undergo, such as gender reassignment surgery. In addition, changing the name from "disorder" to "dysphoria" might reduce the stigma surrounding this diagnosis and emphasize that people with gender dysphoria are not "disordered," but rather unhappy living in a body that they feel does not match the gender with which they identify.