Chapter 1. Implicit and Explicit Memory

1.1 Introduction

Cognitive Tool Kit
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Implicit and Explicit Memory

Memory researchers make a distinction between the methods used to test memory ability. Recall and recognition tasks are known as explicit memory tasks because it is clear to participants that the researchers are testing the ability to retrieve information previously presented. Other methods, such as repetition priming and word-fragment completion, test the ability to retrieve and use information previously presented, but in an indirect way, so that the learned material may guide performance of a somewhat related task without the conscious knowledge of the participant. These tasks tap what is called implicit memory. Jacoby’s work (1983) deals with this memory distinction.

References:

Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.

Schachter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 13, 501-518.

Jacoby, L. L. (1983). Remembering the data: Analyzing interactive processes in reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 485-508.

1.2 Experiment Setup

1.3 Instructions

Instructions

You will need to press the space bar to begin the experiment. A set of horizontal bars will appear in the center of the screen. Please focus on this area. Soon after, sets of antonyms (words of opposite meaning) will be presented on the screen between where the lines were presented. After a delay, you will then be given a memory test.

Keyboard Responses

Key What Response Means
O The word appeared in the study
N The word didn’t appear in the study

1.4 Experiment

Begin Experiment

1.5 Results

Results

1.6 Quiz

Quiz

Question 1.1

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1
Incorrect.
Correct.
The primary independent variable was the manner in which participants were tested, either explicitly or implicitly.

Question 1.2

9UoGE4KG9+sKKZNpmTEYB2/43biGYWDiXAyXPzaoKCROgolvDCXVOIN3wqlkCn+CB4gyIvCr3d3CUMJHt1d3+s1b8fP7Q3MOIfkMlG4ACM/Biuc9jiGAtn+mgmnksdcwdP4doO6bEZ9TxAK93ajZBGUprlWlnzUlWAqjIsV0cxHEzfzEiaSfsA==
1
Correct.
Incorrect.
The primary dependent variable was recognition score, either in the explicit or the implicit condition.

Question 1.3

engwRf/bHrpIQ2VpryQELk4GrkFdykw4CHyo4oV060sUVeIuIaXutSSWDIgXluBKHX2GgMKBiokrcMJg3vN4RsGdN7e/u+fxStkP+pJuHpTFmXnTqqhwuRKlvU4qV0CmRGYaIWWX8KSypucip2eLxWP2EWVMizT9e1U+toDgZeeIBto8SC16HieNhWzDSSFi4sYerBR0EQ/A8cH4YrJLRx2UQM2J/7XhHMK17PSf6M08Oel3AFaq9KekC5rLPVvrSiHFfZT4o1MSEhUj
1
Correct.
Incorrect.
Jacoby’s work primarily dealt with the distinction between explicit and implicit memory.

Question 1.4

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Correct.
Incorrect.
Recall and recognition tasks are examples of explicit memory tasks because it is clear to those performing these tasks that they test the ability to retrieve information previously presented.

Question 1.5

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Correct.
Incorrect.
The word-fragment completion task is an example of an implicit memory task because it tests the ability to retrieve and use information previously presented in an indirect way; material that has been learned may guide performance of a somewhat related task without the conscious knowledge of the participant.