Communication and You
Preface
Features of Communication and You: A Closer Look
Print and Digital Formats
Resources for Students
Resources for Instructors
Acknowledgments
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
1 Communication: Essential Human Behavior
We Must Communicate: The Functional Perspective
Expressing Affiliation
Achieving Goals
Identify your Communication Goals
Influencing Others
WHAT ABOUT YOU? Assessing Your Communication Needs
How We Communicate
Characteristics of Communication
VideoCentral: Channel
Assessing Communicative Value
Communicating Competently
Competent Communication Is Process Oriented
Competent Communication Is Appropriate and Effective
Competent Communication Involves Communication Skills
Competent Communication Involves Using Technology
Modeling Communication
The Linear Model
VideoCentral: Noise
The Interaction Model
The Competent Communication Model
The Study of Communication
Back to: The Gulf Oil Spill
Your Reference
Chapter 1 Quiz
Chapter 1 Essay Quiz
Perceiving the Self and Others
Perception: Making Sense of Your World
Selecting Information
Schemas: Organizing Perceptions
Attributions: Interpreting Your Perceptions
VideoCentral: Attributions
Improving Your Perceptions
Perception in a Diverse World
The Cultural Context
Perceptual Barriers
Do I Detect a Bias Here?
Cognition: Perceiving Ourselves
Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are
VideoCentral: Social Comparison Theory
Self-Esteem: How You Feel About Yourself
Self-Efficacy: Assessing Your Own Abilities
VideoCentral: Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Assessing Our Perceptions of Self
Behavior: Managing Our Identities
Self-Presentation
VideoCentral: Self-Monitoring
Self-Disclosure
WHAT ABOUT YOU? Self-Monitoring Test
Technology: Managing the Self and Perceptions
Back to: Britain’s Got Talent
Your Reference
Chapter 2 Quiz
Chapter 2 Essay Quiz
Communication and Culture
Understanding Culture
Culture Is Learned
Culture Affects Communication
Intercultural Communication Matters
Cultural Rituals
Communication and Cultural Variations
High- and Low-Context Cultures
Collectivist and Individualist Orientations
Comfort with Uncertainty
Masculine and Feminine Orientations
Approaches to Power Distance
Time Orientation
VideoCentral: Time Oriented Listeners
Value of Emotional Expression
Understanding Group Affiliations
WHAT ABOUT YOU? Discovering Your Cultural Values
Co-cultural Communication
Social Identity and Intergroup Communication
Intercultural Communication Challenges
Anxiety
Ethnocentrism
Discrimination
Improving Intercultural Communication
Be Mindful
Desire to Learn
Overcome Intergroup Biases
Accommodate Appropriately
Practice Your Skills
Back to: Glee
Your Reference
Chapter 3 Quiz
Chapter 3 Essay Quiz
Verbal Communication
The Nature of Language
Language Is Symbolic
Words Have Multiple Meanings
VideoCentral: Connotative Meaning
VideoCentral: Denotative Meaning
Thought Informs Language
Language Is Ruled by Grammar
Language Is Bound by Context
The Functions of Language
Using Language as a Means of Control
Using Language to Share Information
Using Language to Express Feelings
Using Language to Express Creativity
Using Language as Ritual
Problems with Language
Abstraction and Meaning
VideoCentral: Equivocation
VideoCentral: Euphemisms
VideoCentral: Evasion
Situation and Meaning
The Limits of Labeling
Google the Label
WHAT ABOUT YOU? How Vague Are You?
The Dangers of Biased Language
Profanity, Rudeness, and Civility
Language in Context
The Relational Context
The Situational Context
The Cultural Context
Mediated Contexts
Back to: Our Partners
Your Reference
Chapter 4 Quiz
Chapter 4 Essay Quiz
Nonverbal Communication
The Nature of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Behavior Is Communicative
Nonverbal Communication Is Often Spontaneous and Unintentional
Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous
Nonverbal Communication Is More Believable Than Verbal Communication
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Reinforcing Verbal Messages
Substituting Verbal Messages
Contradicting Verbal Messages
Regulating Interactions
Creating Immediacy
Deceiving Others
Nonverbal Communication Codes
Gestures and Body Movements
VideoCentral: Adaptors
VideoCentral: Affect displays
VideoCentral: Emblems
VideoCentral: Illustrators
VideoCentral: Kinesics
VideoCentral: Regulators
Facial Expressions
VideoCentral: Masking
Eye Behavior
Voice
VideoCentral: Paralanguage
Physical Appearance
Space and Environment
VideoCentral: Proxemics
WHAT ABOUT YOU? You and Your Artifacts
Touch
Time Orientation
Influences on Nonverbal Communication
Culture and Nonverbal Communication
Mediated Nonverbal Communication
The Situational Context
Who Sent the Message?
Back to: Pixar Animation Studios
Your Reference
Chapter 5 Quiz
Chapter 5 Essay Quiz
Listening
How We Listen
The Listening Process
Personal Listening Preferences
VideoCentral: Content-oriented listeners
VideoCentral: Time-oriented listeners
Why We Listen
Meeting Listening Goals
The Value of Listening Well
Listening Challenges
Environmental Factors
Hearing and Processing Challenges
Multitasking
Boredom and Overexcitement
Attitudes About Listening
Unethical Listening Behaviors
What About You? Your Listening Apprehension
VideoCentral: Defensive listening
VideoCentral: Selective listening
What Kind of Listener Are You?
Listening in Context
The Relational and Situational Listening Contexts
The Cultural Listening Context
The Technology Listening Context
Back to: Stealth Listening
Your Reference
Chapter 6 Quiz
Chapter 6 Essay Quiz
7 Developing and Maintaining Relationships
Types of Interpersonal Relationships
Family
Friendship
Romantic Relationships
Online Relationships
Why We Form Relationships
Functions of Relationships
Interpersonal Attraction
Managing Relationship Dynamics
Costs and Rewards
What About You? Determining Your Own Costs and Rewards
Reducing Uncertainty
VideoCentral: Uncertain reduction theory
Dialectical Tensions
VideoCentral: Dialectical Tensions
Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Relationships
Social Penetration Theory
Communication Privacy Management
Strategic Topic Avoidance
Stages of a Relationship
Initiating Stage
Exploratory Stage
Intensification Stage
Stable Stage
VideoCentral: Bonding
Declining Stage
Relationship Repair
Termination Stage
Reconciliation
Stages in Media
Back to: Mary and Justin
Your Reference
Chapter 7 Quiz
Chapter 7 Essay Quiz
Managing Conflict in Relationships
Understanding Conflict
Unproductive Conflict
Productive Conflict
Conflict Triggers
Inaccurate Perceptions
Incompatible Goals
Unbalanced Costs and Rewards
Provocation
Factors Affecting Conflict
Power Dynamics
Attitudes Toward Conflict
Communication Climate
VideoCentral: Defensive climate
VideoCentral: Supportive climate
VideoCentral: Uncertain climate
Culture and Conflict
Communication Channel
Online Anonymity and Conflict
Cyberbullying
Strategies for Managing Conflict
Escapist Strategies
Challenging Strategies
Cooperative Strategies
What About You? Hitting Above and Below the Belt
Conflict Outcomes
Compromise
VideoCentral: Compromise
Win-Win
Lose-Lose
Separation
Allocation of Power
Back to: The Social Network
Your Reference
Chapter 8 Quiz
Chapter 8 Essay Quiz
Communicating in Groups
Understanding Groups
Characteristics of Groups
Group Types
Group Development
VideoCentral: Adjourning
VideoCentral: Forming
VideoCentral: Norming
VideoCentral: Performing
VideoCentral: Storming
Group Size and Communication
Size and Complexity
Size and the Formation of Cliques
Group Size and Social Loafing
Group Networks
Identify Your Network
Understanding Group Roles
Task Roles
Social Roles
Antigroup Roles
Role Conflict
Additional Factors Affecting Group Communication
Cohesion
Groupthink
Norms
Clarity of Goals
Individual Differences
What About You? How Well Do You Interact in a Group Setting
Back to: The "3-Day" Walks
Your Reference
Chapter 9 Quiz
Chapter 9 Essay Quiz
Leadership and Decision Making in Groups
Understanding Group Leadership
Five Sources of Power
VideoCentral: Coercive power
VideoCentral: Expert power
VideoCentral: Legitimate power
VideoCentral: Referent power
VideoCentral: Reward power
Shared Leadership
Leadership Styles
What About You? What Type of Leader Are You?
Competence and Ethics
Culture and Group Leadership
Gender and Leadership
Context and Power Distance
Decision Making in Groups
Forces That Shape a Group's Decisions
The Problem-Solving Process
Leadership in Meetings
Planning Meetings Effectively
Managing Meetings Effectively
Using Technology in Meetings
Evaluating Group Performance
Informational Considerations
Procedural Effectiveness
Interpersonal Performance
The Shape of Your Groups
Back to: Parks and Recreation
Your Reference
Chapter 10 Quiz
Chapter 10 Essay Quiz
Preparing and Researching Presentations
The Power of Public Speaking
Clarifying the General Purpose of Your Speech
Informative Speeches
SAMPLE SPEECH 11.1 Fireside Chat on the Bank Crisis
Persuasive Speeches
SAMPLE SPEECH 11.2 Speech at the Vienna Forum
Informative or Persuasive?
Special-Occasion Speeches
Analyzing Your Audience
SAMPLE SPEECH 11.3: U2 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction
Considering Audience Expectations and Situational Factors
Considering Audience Demographics
Anticipating Your Audience's Response
Choosing Your Topic
Finding a Topic That Intrigues You
Brainstorming and Clustering
Narrowing Your Topic
Determining the Specific Purpose of Your Speech
Developing a Thesis Statement
VideoCentral: Thesis statement
Researching the Topic
Types of Information to Consider
VideoCentral: Anecdote
Researching Supporting Material
Evaluating Supporting Material
VideoCentral: New information
What About You? Assessing Your Sources
Ethical Speaking: Taking Responsibility for Your Speech
Recognizing Plagiarism
Taking Accurate Notes
Speaking Ethically and Responsibly
VideoCentral: Personal interest
VideoCentral: Presenting information neutrally
VideoCentral: Quotation
Back to: Steve Jobs
Your Reference
Chapter 11 Quiz
Chapter 11 Essay Quiz
Organizing, Writing, and Outlining Presentations
Organizing Your Speech Points
Identifying Your Main Points
Supporting Your Main Points
Arranging Your Points
VideoCentral: patterns of arrangement
Connecting Your Points
VideoCentral: previews, transitions, and summaries
Using Language That Works
Respect Your Audience
Keep It Simple
Use Vivid Language
Incorporate Repetition, Allusion, and Comparisons
SAMPLE SPEECH 12.1 Ain’t I a Woman?
VideoCentral: Figures of speech
Writing a Strong Introduction
Capture Your Audience's Attention
VideoCentral: Attention getters
Introduce Your Purpose and Topic
Preview Your Main Points
Connect with Your Audience
VideoCentral: Humor
Writing a Strong Conclusion
Signal the End
Reinforce Your Topic, Purpose, and Main Points
Make an Impact
Memorable Speaking
Challenge the Audience to Respond
VideoCentral: full conclusion
VideoCentral: memorable closing statement
Outlining Your Speech
Essentials of Outlining
Styles of Outlines
From Preparation Outline to Speaking Outline
SAMPLE SPEECH OUTLINE 12.1
Sample Speaking Outline
What About You? Assessing Your Outline
Back to: The State of the Union Address
Your Reference
Chapter 12 Quiz
Chapter 12 Essay Quiz
Delivering Presentations
Understanding and Addressing Anxiety
Identifying Anxiety Triggers
Building Your Confidence
VideoCentral: Confidence
Methods of Delivery
Speaking from Manuscript
Speaking from Memory
Speaking Spontaneously
Speaking Extemporaneously
VideoCentral: speaking extemporaneously
Guidelines for Effective Delivery
Effective Vocal Delivery
VideoCentral: vocal variety
Effective Visual Delivery
VideoCentral: Eye Contact
Connecting with Your Audience
VideoCentral: Audience Interaction
Effective Presentation Aids
The Function of Presentation Aids
Types of Presentation Aids
VideoCentral: posters
VideoCentral: Presentation Software
Death by PowerPoint
Practicing Your Speech
Remember Your Speaking Outline
Practice Using Presentation Aids
Simulate the Situation
What About You? Assessing Your Practice Session
Practice Your Delivery
Back to: The King’s Speech
Your Reference
Chapter 13 Quiz
Chapter 13 Essay Quiz
Informative Speaking
The Goals of Informative Speaking
Meeting the Audience's Informational Needs
Informing, Not Persuading
Speaking Appropriately and Ethically
Topics for Informative Presentations
People
Places
Objects and Phenomena
Events
Processes
Concepts
Issues
Plans and Policies
Approaches to Conveying Information
Description
Demonstration
Definition
VideoCentral: Definition
Explanation
VideoCentral: Clarifying information
Guidelines for Informative Speeches
Create Information Hunger
Make It Easy
SAMPLE STUDENT INFORMATIVE SPEECH 14.1
Speaking Outline
What About You? Assessing Your Informative Speech
Back to: Neil deGrasse Tyson
Your Reference
Chapter 14 Quiz
Chapter 14 Essay Quiz
Persuasive Speaking
The Goals of Persuasive Speaking
Developing a Persuasive Topic and Thesis
VideoCentral: Claims
Propositions of Fact
Propositions of Value
Propositions of Policy
Persuading Your Audience
Understanding Your Audience's Disposition
Understanding Your Audience's Needs
Understanding What Is Relevant to Your Audience
Strategies for Persuasive Speaking
VideoCentral: Classical Appeals
Ethos
Logos
VideoCentral: Reasoning
Pathos
Logical Fallacies
VideoCentral: Fallacy
Emotional or Logical Buy?
Organizing Patterns in Persuasive Speaking
VideoCentral: Patterns of arrangement
Problem-Solution Pattern
Refutational Organizational Pattern
Comparative Advantage Pattern
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
SAMPLE STUDENT INFORMATIVE SPEECH 15.1
Speaking Outline
What About You? Assessing Your Persuasive Speech
Back to: Jamie Oliver's TED Prize-Winning Wish
Your Reference
Chapter 15 Quiz
Chapter 15 Essay Quiz
Competent Interviewing
The Nature of Interviews
Types of Interviews
The Information-Gathering Interview
The Appraisal Interview
The Problem-Solving Interview
The Exit Interview
The Persuasive Interview
The Service-Oriented Interview
The Selection Interview
Interviewing the Stars
The Format of an Interview
The Opening
The Questions
The Conclusion
Understanding Roles and Responsibilities in Interviews
Roles and Responsibilities of the Interviewer
Roles and Responsibilities of the Interviewee
The Job Interview
Getting the Interview
During the Interview
What About You? Your Career Preparation
Back to: The Daily Show
Your Reference
Appendix 1 Quiz
Appendix 1 Essay Quiz
Understanding Mass and Mediated Communication
The Nature of Media
Defining Mass and Mediated Communication
The Pervasiveness of Media
Understanding Mass Media Messages
The Business of Media
Free Speech and Media Bias
VideoCentral: The Objectivity Myth
Effects of Mass Media
VideoCentral: Media Effects Research
Selectivity and the Active Audience
Influences on Attitudes and Behaviors
VideoCentral: Agenda Setting and Gatekeeping
Converging Media Technologies
Democratic and Social Participation
Barriers to Participation
Becoming a More Mindful Media Consumer
Monitor Your Media Use and Exposure
Consider the Source of Media Messages
VideoCentral: The Money Behind the Media
Be Aware of Media Effects
Understand the Grammar of Media
Actively Evaluate Media Messages
Is Free Speech for Everyone?
What About You? Your Media Diet
Back to: Alice's Multimedia Family
Your Reference
Appendix 2 Quiz
Appendix 2 Essay Quiz
Glossary
References
Acknowledgments