Describe the two long-term memory (LTM) systems (implicit memory and explicit memory).
Identify the specific types of memories stored in each memory system.
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1. Long-term memory (LTM) is not a single, unified system. Instead, we have two long-term memory systems operating in tandem.
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2. One system, called explicit memory, or declarative memory, controls our conscious recall of facts and experiences. These memories are processed in the hippocampus and stored in various areas across the brain’s cerebral cortex. Individuals with damage to the hippocampus cannot form new explicit memories.
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3. The second system, called implicit memory, or nondeclarative memory, handles a different type of information. Implicit memories are unconscious (that is, they can't be consciously recalled). They are memories for procedural skills (how to do something) and conditioned associations (how to respond to events). These memories are mainly processed in the cerebellum (and the basal ganglia), involved in controlling muscle movements.
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4. Some of the memories stored in our explicit memory system are facts about the world. This form of memory, called semantic memory, is our storehouse of general knowledge about topics such as the boiling point of water or the capital city of France. We know these things, but we typically don’t know when or how we learned them. In contrast, episodic memory stores the events of our personal life, each tagged with information about its location and time.
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5. Some of the memories stored in our implicit memory system are muscle-control programs for tying our shoes or writing our signature. This is called procedural memory, because it stores the strategies, or procedures, for doing things. Other implicit memories are simple learned associations formed through classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Practice 1: Two Memory Systems
Roll over the memory system labels to learn about each system.
nondeclarative memory;
without conscious recall;
processed by cerebellum and basal ganglia;
retention of associations and know-how that is outside of our conscious recollection
declarative memory;
with conscious recall;
processed in hippocampus;
contains facts and experiences we know and declare to others
Practice 2: Four Types of Memory
Roll over the memory system labels to learn about the four specific types of memories stored in long-term memory.
processed by the cerebellum and basal ganglia;
motor skills and strategies (procedural memory);
memories formed by classical and operant conditioning
processed in hippocampus;
facts and general knowledge (semantic memory);
personally experienced events (episodic memory)
Quiz 1
Drag each characteristic to the area next to the appropriate long-term memory system (LTM). When all the characteristics have been placed, select the CHECK ANSWER button.
Quiz 2
Quiz 2
Drag each of the terms to the correct location in the sentences. When all the terms have been placed, select the CHECK ANSWER button.