Front Matter Introduction
About the Authors
Contents in Brief
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter Introduction
1.1 THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH
1.2 HOW SCIENTISTS DO SCIENCE
KEY TERMS
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
2.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS
2.2 CYTOGENETICS: CHROMOSOME MOVEMENTS DURING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
2.3 THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE
2.4 FOUNDATIONS OF MOLECULAR GENETICS
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
3.1 CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS
3.2 CHEMICAL BONDS
3.3 WEAK CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
3.4 STEREOCHEMISTRY
3.5 THE ROLE OF pH AND IONIZATION
3.6 CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN BIOLOGY
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
4.1 PRIMARY STRUCTURE
4.2 SECONDARY STRUCTURE
4.3 TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY STRUCTURES
4.4 PROTEIN FOLDING
4.5 DETERMINING THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
5.1 PROTEIN-LIGAND INTERACTIONS
5.2 ENZYMES: THE REACTION CATALYSTS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
5.3 MOTOR PROTEINS
5.4 THE REGULATION OF PROTEIN FUNCTION
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
6.1 THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF NUCLEOTIDES
6.2 DNA STRUCTURE
6.3 RNA STRUCTURE
6.4 CHEMICAL AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
7.1 ISOLATING GENES FOR STUDY (CLONING)
7.2 WORKING WITH GENES AND THEIR PRODUCTS
7.3 UNDERSTANDING THE FUNCTIONS OF GENES AND THEIR PRODUCTS
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
8.1 GENOMES AND GENOMICS
8.2 TRANSCRIPTOMES AND PROTEOMES
8.3 OUR GENETIC HISTORY
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
9.1 CHROMOSOMES: AN OVERVIEW
9.2 DNA SUPERCOILING
9.3 THE ENZYMES THAT PROMOTE DNA COMPACTION
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
10.1 NUCLEOSOMES: THE BASIC UNITS OF DNA CONDENSATION
10.2 HIGHER-ORDER CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE
10.3 REGULATION OF CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
11.1 DNA TRANSACTIONS DURING REPLICATION
11.2 THE CHEMISTRY OF DNA POLYMERASES
11.3 MECHANICS OF THE DNA REPLICATION FORK
11.4 INITIATION OF DNA REPLICATION
11.5 TERMINATION OF DNA REPLICATION
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
12.1 TYPES OF DNA MUTATIONS
12.2 DNA ALTERATIONS THAT LEAD TO MUTATIONS
12.3 MECHANISMS OF DNA REPAIR
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
13.1 RECOMBINATION AS A DNA REPAIR PROCESS
13.2 ENZYMATIC MACHINES IN BACTERIAL RECOMBINATIONAL DNA REPAIR
13.3 HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION IN EUKARYOTES
13.4 NONHOMOLOGOUS END JOINING
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
14.1 MECHANISMS OF SITE-SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION
14.2 MECHANISMS OF TRANSPOSITION
14.3 THE EVOLUTIONARY INTERPLAY OF TRANSPOSONS AND THEIR HOSTS
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
15.1 RNA POLYMERASES AND TRANSCRIPTION BASICS
15.2 TRANSCRIPTION IN BACTERIA
15.3 TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
16.1 MESSENGER RNA CAPPING AND POLYADENYLATION
16.2 PRE-mRNA SPLICING AND EDITING
16.3 RNA TRANSPORT AND DEGRADATION
16.4 PROCESSING OF NON-PROTEIN-CODING RNAs
16.5 RNA CATALYSIS AND THE RNA WORLD HYPOTHESIS
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
17.1 DECIPHERING THE GENETIC CODE: tRNA AS ADAPTOR
17.2 THE RULES OF THE CODE
17.3 CRACKING THE CODE
17.4 EXCEPTIONS PROVING THE RULES
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
18.1 THE RIBOSOME
18.2 ACTIVATION OF AMINO ACIDS FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
18.3 INITIATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
18.4 ELONGATION AND TERMINATION OF THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
18.5 TRANSLATION-COUPLED REMOVAL OF DEFECTIVE mRNA
18.6 PROTEIN FOLDING, COVALENT MODIFICATION, AND TARGETING
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
19.1 REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION
19.2 THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION
19.3 POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
20.1 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION
20.2 BEYOND TRANSCRIPTION: CONTROL OF OTHER STEPS IN THE GENE EXPRESSION PATHWAY
20.3 CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION IN BACTERIOPHAGES
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
21.1 BASIC MECHANISMS OF EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION
21.2 COMBINATORIAL CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION
21.3 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION MECHANISMS UNIQUE TO EUKARYOTES
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM
ADDITIONAL READING
Chapter Introduction
22.1 POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL INSIDE THE NUCLEUS
22.2 TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL IN THE CYTOPLASM
22.3 THE LARGE-SCALE REGULATION OF GROUPS OF GENES
22.4 RNA INTERFERENCE
22.5 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: GENE REGULATION IN DEVELOPMENT
22.6 FINALE: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION
KEY TERMS
PROBLEMS
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
ADDITIONAL READING
Appendix Introduction
Bacterium, Escherichia coli
Budding Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Bread Mold, Neurospora crassa
Nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans
Mustard Weed, Arabidopsis thaliana
Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster
House Mouse, Mus musculus
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Glossary
Index
Endpaper Introduction