General

Cohen, S.N., A.C.Y. Chang, H.W. Boyer, and R.B. Helling. 1973. Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70:3240–3244. The paper that gave rise to biotechnology.

Jackson, D.A., R.H. Symons, and P. Berg. 1972. Biochemical method for inserting new genetic information into DNA of simian virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69:2904–2909. A report of the first recombinant DNA experiment linking DNA from two species.

Lobban, P.E., and A.D. Kaiser. 1973. Enzymatic end-to-end joining of DNA molecules. J. Mol. Biol. 78:453–471. A report of the first recombinant DNA experiment.

Mullis, K.B. 1990. The unusual origin of the polymerase chain reaction. Sci. Am. 262(4):36–43. A description of that fateful night.

Sambrook, J., E.F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Although supplanted by more recent manuals, this three-volume set includes much useful background information on the biological, chemical, and physical principles underlying both classical and current techniques.

Isolating Genes for Study (Cloning)

Terpe, K. 2006. Overview of bacterial expression systems for heterologous protein production: From molecular and biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 72:211–222.

Working with Genes and Their Products

Arnheim, N., and H. Erlich. 1992. Polymerase chain reaction strategy. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61:131–156.

Boyd, S.D. 2013. Diagnostic applications of high-throughput DNA sequencing. Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis. 8:381–410.

Brock, T.D. 1997. The value of basic research: Discovery of Thermus aquaticus and other extreme thermophiles. Genetics 146:1207–1210. An essay on how basic research can have unexpected benefits.

Foster, E.A., M.A. Jobling, P.G. Taylor, P. Donnelly, P. de Knijff, R. Mieremet, T. Zerjal, and C. Tyler-Smith. 1999. The Thomas Jefferson paternity case. Nature 397:32. The last article in a series about an interesting case study in the use of biotechnology to address historical questions.

Giepmans, B.N.G., S.R. Adams, M.H. Ellisman, and R.Y. Tsien. 2006. The fluorescent toolbox for assessing protein location and function. Science 312:217–224.

Hofreiter, M., D. Serre, H.N. Poinar, M. Kuch, and S. Paabo. 2001. Ancient DNA. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2:353–359. Successes and pitfalls in the retrieval of DNA from very old samples.

Ivanov, P.L., M.J. Wadhams, R.K. Roby, M.M. Holland, V.W. Weedn, and T.J. Parsons. 1996. Mitochondrial DNA sequence heteroplasmy in the Grand Duke of Russia Georgij Romanov establishes the authenticity of the remains of Tsar Nicholas II. Nat. Genet. 12:417–420.

Lindahl, T. 1997. Facts and artifacts of ancient DNA. Cell 90:1–3. A good description of how nucleic acid chemistry affects the retrieval of DNA in archaeology.

Mardis, E.R. 2011. A decade’s perspective on DNA sequencing technology. Nature 470:198–403.

Saiki, R.K., S. Scharf, F. Faloona, K.B. Mullis, G.T. Horn, H.A. Erlich, and N. Arnheim. 1985. Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle-cell anemia. Science 230:1350–1354. The first report of the polymerase chain reaction.

Understanding the Functions of Genes and Their Products

Budowle, B., M.D. Johnson, C.M. Fraser, T.J. Leighton, R.S. Murch, and R. Chakraborty. 2005. Genetic analysis and attribution of microbial forensics evidence. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 31:233–254. A description of how biotechnology is used to fight bioterrorism.

Carroll, D. 2014. Genome engineering with targetable nucleases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 83:409–39.

Gaj, T., C.A. Gersbach, and C.F. Barbas III. 2013. ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering. Trends Biotechnol. 31:397–405.

Jinek, M., K. Chylinski, I. Fonfara, M. Hauer, J.A. Doudna, and E. Charpentier. 2012. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 337:816–821.

Jinek, M., A. East, A. Cheng, S. Lin, E. Ma, and J. Doudna. 2013. RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells. eLife 2:e00471.

Sampson, T.R., and D.S. Weiss. 2014. Exploiting CRISPR/Cas systems for biotechnology. Bioessays 36:34–38.

Stoughton, R.B. 2005. Applications of DNA microarrays in biology. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 74:53–82.

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