Timeline

200,000–50,000 BCE

With their large brains, long period of child development, and extensive social and family support, early humans were able to sustain life and raise children more effectively than other primates.

c. 400 BCE

A portrait painting of renowned greek philosopher, Aristotle in a grey cloak.

In ancient Greece, ideas about children from philosophers like Plato (c. 428–348 BCE) and Aristotle (384–322 BCE) influence further thoughts about children. Plato believed children were born with knowledge. Aristotle believed children learn from experience.

140 BCE

In China, imperial examinations are one of the first times cognitive testing is used on young people.

500–1500

During the Middle Ages in Europe, many adults believed that children were miniature adults.

1100–1200

The first universities are founded in Europe. Young people pay to be educated together.

1650–1800

A portrait painting of renowned philosopher, John Locke.

A portrait of a middle-aged man from the Victorian era.

European philosophers like John Locke (1632–1704) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) debate whether children are born as “blank slates” and how much control parents should take in raising them.

1797

First European vaccination: Edward Jenner (1749–1823) publicizes smallpox inoculation, building on vaccination against smallpox in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

1750–1850

Beginning of Western laws regulating child labor and protecting the rights of children.

1837

The first kindergarten opens in Germany, part of a movement to teach young children before they entered the primary school system.

1859

A portrait painting of an elderly bald bearded man in a brown suit.

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) publishes On the Origin of Species, sparking debates about what is genetic and what is environmental.

1879

The first experimental psychology laboratory is established in Leipzig, Germany.

1885

An academic portrait painting of a bearded elderly man in a brown suit and round rimmed spectacles.

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) publishes Studies on Hysteria, one of the first works establishing the importance of the subconscious and marking the beginning of psychoanalytic theory.

1895

An academic portrait painting of an elderly man with a beard and moustache in a black suit.

Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) begins his research on dogs’ salivation response.

1900

Compulsory schooling for children is established for most children in the United States and Europe.

1903

An elderly man in a wheelchair pets his dog while a lady sits next to them and smiles.

The term gerontology, the branch of developmental science devoted to studying aging, is first coined.

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1905

Max Weber (1864–1920), the founder of sociology, writes The Protestant Work Ethic, about human values and adult work.

A portrait painting of a middle-aged man with beard and pointed moustache with a pince-nez and dressed in a black suit.

Alfred Binet’s (1857–1911) intelligence test is published.

1907

Groups of tourists walk around the base of the Roman Colosseum.

Maria Montessori (1870–1952) opens her first school in Rome.

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1913

An academic portrait painting of a smiling elderly bespectacled man sharply dressed in a black suit.

John B. Watson (1878–1958) publishes Psychology As the Behaviorist Views It.

1920

An academic portrait of a young man in a brown suit.

Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) develops sociocultural theory in the former Soviet Union.

1923

An academic portrait painting of an elderly bespectacled man in a black suit.

Jean Piaget (1896–1980) publishes The Language and Thought of the Child.

1933

Society for Research on Child Development, the preeminent organization for research on child development, is founded.

1939

Mamie (1917–1983) and Kenneth Clark (1914–2005) receive their research grants to study race in early childhood.

1943

An academic portrait painting of a middle-aged man with dark hair and moustache in a brown suit.

Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) publishes A Theory of Motivation, establishing the hierarchy of needs.

1950

An academic portrait painting of an elderly man in a brown suit with a bolo tie.

Erik Erikson (1902–1994) expands on Freud’s theory to include social aspects of personality development with the publication of Childhood and Society.

1951

A mother holds her newborn baby close to her chest, kissing the baby on the forehead. The baby is wrapped in a pink towel and the eyes are closed.

John Bowlby (1907–1990) publishes Maternal Care and Mental Health, one of his first works on the importance of parent–child attachment.

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1953

Publication of the first papers describing DNA, our genetic blueprint.

A side view of a white mouse standing on a grey surface and looking upwards.

B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) conducts experiments on rats and establishes operant conditioning.

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1955

Emmy Werner (b. 1929) begins her Kauai study, which focuses on the power of resilience.

1956

K. Warner Schaie’s (b. 1928) Seattle Longitudinal Study of Adult Intelligence begins.

1957

Harry Harlow (1905–1981) publishes Love in Infant Monkeys, describing his research on attachment in rhesus monkeys.

1961

Capsules spill out of an amber-colored medicine bottle that has fallen on its side.

The morning sickness drug thalidomide is banned after children are born with serious birth defects, calling attention to the problem of teratogens during pregnancy.

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1965

Head Start, an early childhood education program, is launched in the United States.

A portrait painting of renowned developmental psychologist, Mary Ainsworth in her late 60s.

Mary Ainsworth (1913–1999) starts using the “Strange Situation” to measure attachment.

1966

An academic portrait painting of a middle-aged bespectacled lady in a suit.

Diana Baumrind (b. 1928) publishes her first work on parenting styles.

1972

The beginning of the Dunedin, New Zealand study—one of the first longitudinal studies to include genetic markers.

1979

Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) publishes his work on ecological-systems theory.

1986

A young, well-dressed Asian couple look at a cell phone message together while enjoying a cocktail.

John Gottman (b. 1942) founds the “Love Lab” at the University of Washington to study what makes relationships work.

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1987

Carolyn Rovee-Collier (1942–2014) shows that even young infants can remember in her classic mobile experiments.

1990–Present

A medical professional activates the motorized bed of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner to begin a study of a female patient.

New brain imaging technology allows pinpointing of brain areas involved in everything from executive function to Alzheimer’s disease.

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1990

A tribal woman wearing bright colored clothes performing a traditional dance ritual.

Barbara Rogoff (b. 1950) publishes Apprenticeship in Thinking, making developmentalists more aware of the significance of culture and context. Rogoff provided new insights and appreciation of child-rearing in Latin America.

The United Nations treaty Convention on the Rights of the Child takes effect, requiring the best interests of children to be considered. Most notably, children can no longer be considered solely the possession of their parents. Currently all U.N. nations have signed on, except Somalia, South Sudan, and the United States.

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1993

An academic portrait painting of a middle-aged man crisply dressed in a blue-colored suit.

Howard Gardner (b. 1943) publishes Multiple Intelligences, a major new understanding of the diversity of human intellectual abilities. Gardner has since revised and expanded his ideas in many ways.

1994

Side view of a young boy with his mouth open and alphabet flying out of his mouth.

Steven Pinker (b. 1954) publishes The Language Instinct, which focuses attention on the interaction between neuroscience and behavior, helping developmentalists understand the need for physiological understanding as part of human growth. These themes continue in his later work, such as How the Mind Works in 1997.

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1995–Present

A young boy tilts his head and smiles while hugging a basketball.

The textbook chronicles many more recent studies and discoveries. Enjoy your exploration of the science of human development!

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