Chapter 10. Intelligence

10.1 Intelligence

Topic: What is the Role of Nature and Nurture in Intelligence?

Statistical Concepts Covered:

In this applet, you’ll learn about how to visualize, interpret, and compare correlational values. We will also continue our discussion of causality and confounding variables as they relate to the complicated nature vs. nurture debate on intelligence.

Introduction:

Your text chapter covers the long-standing debate of nature versus nurture in regards to intelligence. This applet will allow you to explore simulated data with IQs of individuals in various relationships, at different ages, and in various environments.

Richard Alan Hullinger, Indiana University, Bloomington
Melanie Maggard, University of the Rockies

Statistical Lesson. As the text explains, when we measure a correlation we will typically get a correlation coefficient, a mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation. It is most commonly represented by the letter r. This value for the correlation tells us how strong the correlation is and the direction of the correlation. The strength of a correlation can range from 0 to ±1. The closer r gets to 1, the stronger the relationship is between the variables, while the closer r gets to 0, the weaker the relationship.

The following table provides a guide to the various strengths based on the value (so only look at the number and not the sign before it):

Value of the correlation (r) Strength
0 Zero or No
0.1 – 0.3 Weak
0.4 – 0.6 Moderate
0.7 – 0.9 Strong
1 Perfect

The sign for the correlation tells us whether the correlation is positive (greater than 0) or negative (less than 0).

• An r with a positive (+) sign or no sign is considered positive. A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, so does the other, which is evident in an upward sloping line or data in a graph.

• An r with a negative (-) sign is considered negative. A negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other decreases, which is evident in a downward sloping line or data in a graph.

Remember the coverage on correlation in the applet for Emotion & Motivation? We discussed the importance of remembering that when considering relationships between variables, we cannot conclude that one of the variables caused the change we see in the other variable. This is especially true when we do not conduct an experiment that included manipulation or control over the variables or environment being studied. Studies of intelligence are great examples of naturalistic studies where we cannot manipulate, but only measure our variables. However, the way these studies are design can lead us to further pinpoint what might contribute to the relationship or differences we see. For example, comparing siblings or twins raised apart with those who are reared together can give us insight into how much a shared environment or genetics contribute to IQ. As always, keep in mind when interpreting relationship to not infer causality, and always look for confounding variables.

Question 1

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Correct.
Incorrect. The values for r range from 0.725 to 0.813, which are strong positive correlations. This is also evident in the upward slope of data in each graph, which has data clustered tightly together.

Question 2

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Correct.
Incorrect. The values for r range from 0.454 to 0.524, which are moderate positive correlations. This is also evident in the upward slope of data in each graph, which has data loosely clustered together.

Question 3

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Correct.
Incorrect. The values for r range from 0.048 to 0.282, which are weak positive correlations. This is also evident in the scattered data so that a line through the data would be close to a horizontal line or have little slope.

Question 4

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Correct.
Incorrect. The relationship decreases as we go from having more genes in common to no genes in common. Identical and fraternal twins had strong to moderate positive relationships between the IQs of the twins, while those who were reared together but unrelated had a weak relationship between their IQs.

Question 5

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
Correct.
Incorrect. Genetics appear to contribute greatly to IQ; however, in order to rule out the environment of being reared together as a confounding factor, we should compare this data to identical and fraternal twins who were raised apart.

Question 6

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Correct.
Incorrect. The values for r are 0.813 and 0.743, which are strong positive correlations. This is also evident in the upward slope of data in each graph, which has data tightly clustered together.

Question 7

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Correct.
Incorrect. The values for r are 0.386 and 0.476, which are moderate positive correlations. This is also evident in the upward slope of data in each graph, which has data that is loosely clustered together.

Question 8

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
Correct.
Incorrect. The correct answer is Identical twins reared together; identical twins reared apart; fraternal twins reared together; fraternal twins reared apart; unrelated children reared together.

Question 9

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Correct.
Incorrect. All of these might explain the relationship observed between these two variables.

Question 10

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Correct.
Incorrect. The relationship is complex as we are a joint product of both our genes and our experiences, with the unique interaction of these two creating our intelligence.

Congratulations! You have completed this activity.