Chapter 14. Stress and Health

14.1 Stress and Health

Topic: How are Stress and Eating Habits Related?

Statistical Concepts Covered:

In this applet, you’ll learn more about relationships by looking at categorical data. We will also discuss issues with using self-reported data.

Introduction

Your text chapter discusses the importance of healthy eating, exercise, and not smoking as part of a healthy lifestyle. All of these behaviors, however, can be affected by stress and how we cope with that stress. The data for this applet comes from a longitudinal study of 16-year-old boys and girls in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (Jääskeläinen, Nevanperä, Remes, Rahkonen, Järvelin, & Laitinen, 2014). Followed since birth, these teens were asked a variety of questions about their dietary, and other health related behaviors, as well as assessed to determine if they are a stress-driven or non-stress-driven eater. Our analysis of this data will focus on comparing the sexes (males and females) and eater types (stress-driven and non-stress-driven) for different behaviors to determine the relationship between these variables.

Richard Alan Hullinger, Indiana University, Bloomington
Melanie Maggard, University of the Rockies

Statistical Lesson. In previous applets we considered correlations and how we use them to look at a relationship between two variables. These variables were always numerical, meaning we were looking at the relationship between two sets of numbers. Did they increase together or did one increase as the other decreased? But how do we look at a relationship when we have two variables that are categorical? Categorical variables have different groups or categories to them, such as sex, race, college major, occupation, etc. There is no single number being measured, only whether or not someone fits into a particular category.

In order to look at a relationship between these types of categorical variables, for example between sex and college major, we must use tests that compare the frequencies that make up each combination of the two variables. In this case, we’d be looking at whether or not there are any differences in the number of males or females that major in psychology, business, or biology. In other words, are females more likely to be a business, psychology, or biology major? Do females major in these topics at the same rates as males? In this applet we will be looking at the relationship between various categorical variables, such as type of eater and/or sex and eating behaviors. As with correlations, any tests that look at relationships should focus only on that relationship and not imply causality.

Question 1

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Correct.
Incorrect. Approximately 26% of stress-driven eaters report eating ice cream 3-5 times a week or more often, which was more than those who ate chocolate (13%) or hamburgers and pizza (7%) at the same rate.

Question 2

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Correct.
Incorrect. For all three food types, stress-driven eaters were more likely to eat these foods at a higher rate than non-stress-driven eaters.

Question 3

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Correct.
Incorrect. Stress-driven eaters are more likely to use heavy exercise to control weight, binge eat, and use a strict diet to control weight than non-stress-driven eaters.

Question 4

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Correct.
Incorrect. No, stress-driven eaters report being physically active for about the same amount of time as non-stress driven eaters.

Question 5

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Correct.
Incorrect. Female stress-driven eaters are more likely to use heavy exercise to control weight and use a strict diet to control weight, while male stress-driven eaters are more likely to binge eat.

Question 6

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Correct.
Incorrect. Stress-driven eaters did not really differ in their consumption of sugar-free soft-drinks from non-stress-driven eaters. Also, there was no difference in males and females in their consumption of these drinks.

Question 7

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Correct.
Incorrect. Though the majority of teens got 8-9 hours of sleep, they were more likely to get less than 8 hours than more than 9 hours, and female stress-driven eaters were more likely to sleep the least.

Question 8

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Correct.
Incorrect. All of these issues could have affected the data collection in this study.

Question 9

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Correct.
Incorrect. The results may not be representative of teens in other countries or parts of the world, and those in the original sample who provided data may be different than those who did not.

Question 10

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Correct.
Incorrect. Some teens deal with stress using negative forms of body management, such as overeating, drinking, smoking, or excessive dieting and exercising to control weight.

Congratulations! You have completed this activity.