Chapter . Consciousness

Consciousness

Topic: How Does Sleep Affect You?

Statistical Concepts Covered: In this applet, you’ll explore correlational data – data that show a relationship between two variables, but which cannot be used to make claims about causation. You will also think about the potential drawbacks of collecting data by asking individuals survey questions about their habits.

Introduction:

In Chapter 5 you read about the debate surrounding how much sleep you need. While you might think that you can function well on less sleep, studies show that there is a solid relationship between sleeping and learning and memory. In this activity, you will analyze data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, which measured adolescents on a wide range of variables including sleep habits and emotional and academic well-being. Nearly 5000 individuals were measured for the study, and you will analyze representative data from 500 of them to draw conclusions about how sleep (or lack thereof) can affect academic and social variables.

Richard Alan Hullinger, Indiana University, Bloomington
Melanie Maggard, University of the Rockies

Question 1

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Correct.
Incorrect. Most of the students report getting 7 or 8 hours of sleep per night, with many fewer students getting either more or less sleep than that.

Question 2

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Correct.
Incorrect. Too little sleep or too much sleep both appear to have a negative relationship with grades.

Question 3

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Correct.
Incorrect. Since fewer students overall get 5 hours of sleep per night, we would expect there to be fewer total students who get 5 hours of sleep and also get As, so the frequency data could be misleading.

Question 4

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Correct.
Incorrect. The more sleep a student gets, the more likely he/she is to earn an A.

Statistical Lesson. It is important, when interpreting graphs that show frequency data, to think about the base rates: the underlying frequency of an event regardless of a secondary variable that you are studying. In this example, because most students report getting 7 or 8 hours of sleep per night, it shouldn’t be surprising that the number of students who earn As is higher in those categories. Looking at the data as percentages, comparing what portion of all 8-hour sleepers earned As compared to what portion of all 10-hour sleepers earned As, can provide a less biased view of the underlying relationship.

Question 5

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Correct.
Incorrect. Few students reported having the blues all the time but the percentage reports are the smallest with 8 – 9 hours of sleep per night, and increase with more or less sleep.

Question 6

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Correct.
Incorrect. All of these explanations are supported by the study data.

Question 7

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Correct.
Incorrect. As sleep increases, hopefulness increases, and the relationship is stronger than it is for ”the blues”.

Question 8

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Correct.
Incorrect. There is no clear relationship between intelligence levels and hours of sleep.

Question 9

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Correct.
Incorrect. It is possible that the participants are doing all of these things.

Question 10

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Correct.
Incorrect. Using medical records and school transcripts to collect the grade and illness data.

Congratulations! You have completed this activity.