Chapter 9. Language and Thought

9.1 Language and Thought

Topic: How Do Subtle Language Changes Influence Decisions?

Statistical Concepts Covered: In this applet, you’ll expand on your knowledge of main effects and interactions (see the activity on Learning), and relationships to evaluate potential biases in interpreting graphs and issues with experimental designs.

Introduction:

The linguistic relativity hypothesis covered in your text presents the idea that “language shapes the nature of thought.” This hypothesis was applied to how we process color and the concept of time, but what about other topics? How might language impact our perception of blame and how much someone should be punished?

The data in this applet comes from research conducted by Fausey and Boroditsky (2009) exploring the impact of language on guilty verdicts, blame ratings, and liability estimates. More specifically, the researchers were primarily interested in testing agentive and nonagentive languaging. Agentive language refers to when a subject is responsible for an action, such as “he ripped”, “she killed”, and “he burned it”. This is in contrast to nonagentive language, which refers to when there is no subject responsible for the action, such as “it ripped”, “it died”, and “it burned”.

How might the wording of criminal trials or accident reports impact a person’s perception of whether the individual involved was guilty or not, how much blame they are responsible for, and the amount the person should be held liable? Let’s explore these questions further using the data from this study.

Richard Alan Hullinger, Indiana University, Bloomington
Melanie Maggard, University of the Rockies

Question 1

R8XPx0HY/JTJY/Iix3TP4x+OsLOEbzISP0b0NlgTf9stH3/cwaEoibECrAYoWTwjFph0Pen521GmJoiUokA7ff+EfePh/YkLmoifPP1dtWyM6CMGhYYLUUE7FJf9G5xQfcStDFKtqESDMfWUNb3AxIXRvunchZNy4UFfXLpUELFqRQ04yQXjFimRwQZp6UzWMqBt3beBkZD5+xO4BjP4uMn6vt1zUlWlDP3hek1gLo5+xA+di/bTnAhx/uxJeP8K+ARAVbmyvPQn13V2TjRsqS9rJSuiJkpUpF/n/9O6wzsZFBZ4HjbygiZXpDE0n5TLRb9m+Bxz7in+gyjTcblimyNl2QwTKIb0VMjPPs4rrOojwyte0lucZVRqy8R6FOaviwGcSK4N0+3YZOkKUnQNHc0JtCGTZ7G4WccWY9SUeiGrS0EHhBOw16hg39W/HSHUaP4lOpKFbfnb20fnE8KMHSKgRPYzIsAktifvWooMG9jERVGXQzB3rcOgF7WZGxLgOKv+V4gfIFUd4zLAyMVauuCpSkTEalikQEkhNUhNH+ILjgNusmwGdsqsRXWwmh1rxirIvsose2++xpxvuDeENfsFvgp8bIvf7oz50Lijqsqj9LzWNbTLvO4fVAGEkqQ3Y53WJy0lCJTKfp3ZqMZo6L+ulwdlkQV3ES9VcW6i0sxDSyZ0q1EmMUweDWUPWk8IrN9ID0RnlyYiP8Xvd5BTuq2iCIjeirdVsLk2mesicCIh8c8UpLPjywiNLF4bFYFgdllZ/SF7W2LejVKbxwm0luKRUdoSiPm8+iq9439agLr+urB0I7NaM/6Epl4E0Ie9GIWSNg7UI+zRMsNhwAeoLhMlbIZ+Ek98wflT9/3An4swkMo+ea5kqF85pAKvKcVhHswLAadim9unStNjtNlo6WTttXA1Q3L0No7B1XsR9jzjQ2J9mubfv+/UeucPtcUOUVAEpRam/HruxORHHNmrJv7f91KGk7dWdtpMrnfthF2vHG/CFd6A8+3qn6I93SqQ/vaSdntk7RlyBLTPU56Z2yM3UtgjhjbqEP/oIbRaZdfqKJrQUo/hrb4atDzFWw51pGPqqON0qVnhZN8R/sa45uujBf6Nm0U6IjZtfw/4atS7/jMVnfiOTH7KQY+gXo9j1vAhzwXJxilVp9lWkrL2Q3P4vmlGIoB/1d27M2yBThYHeiWA3WVErXqC0eqMBDrb/ZMuBdAssaMiEBRZR5qW+0JTaz0S+CoMKk9lGF6s1/Gs5nm+SZWaLYr1V36WfNsGlSZ1aaN3KV8U+YmUVEUqFIqtfXiR9GTT96ShslV6dgJRf3+Qiy0/S1+zBkG+EaGUVNy1LmoAxT74HkRZWW+XjKIsoS1nPE2Ba63MZypwX8EUckzmiTr9Db2XKzQgtC5fD+Hb4NWFe9aEYL/2wTgkrC5q801iAvp5zx2Zyb3JV+NFunZu2x0oBdx+8KJENOEiQo3G5RDHx/Mxkqou2zsqOdN9pEg4ygAWE6VFXTKf0RRba8hBF4lTRN0KEb1iTOYZIEzzpEE+Y8rT9B9Sp2dtKDktqFG3YaFLfQ9OUKO9fBvapawwo22jdgW02vYkM+p+Yj06hv2t14NAN4bAmj/8YOKXHkd4Nshhb4Bb1wMDv9emRcK1QEAlJvIEou8MN1x5loFV5d1B6ZlQmiaWGFp/2mRRzA+2eEo9Q2YJcawhxaK0RvnqkXYajDYaNy3T+YMzxnRxMNosclayM6Ri0L4TLY+ppOEi3TMCyBc7INr6uLt5/OKTV7Hidu7BF8dXw0jTS7L4hiy4bGojqNqbp23FB/UgutQaw2VNj3hMWQ2xysQiXejpMyCcHM83rk6mfKJ6R5tmbDquKd2Kse4v7cu5Qws/L42R29WrCr4fZ+PjA9yao/C8PzeEEmiAUxpBvZdRszX2/uZSTTQ3MHMogtTZrJjFJGTPwmzJ5QCSt/Az3SIbgWggI88L0ZM3jDH1kPcRWMKmrk4Ukb4D31p+Uz64FQiwxBzYRCymxAAOw4YywKzr99GkL+MTQFOWbjdI6iTjd41kRM4RmCzaKtc+Fc/rsUmJEALgyEe6dsYKuw7q25YKmeVPwvTWP/SUoR/3g4bXan11/fVAMTk3RMk/
Correct.
Incorrect. The percentage of guilty verdicts was higher for agentive than for nonagentive language in all three scenarios.

Question 2

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
Correct.
Incorrect. We cannot state that agentive language caused the guilty verdict to be delivered as there may be other confounding variables contributing to this relationship.

Question 3

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
Correct.
Incorrect. Though there is a greater chance of a guilty verdict when using strong agency, the relationship is weaker for the “kill” scenario than the “burn” and “broke” scenarios.

Question 4

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
Correct.
Incorrect. We cannot state that a guilty verdict caused the use of agentive language as there may be other confounding variables contributing to this relationship.

Question 5

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
Correct.
Incorrect. Yes, the average blame rating was almost 1 point higher for agentive language than nonagentive language.

Question 6

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
Correct.
Incorrect. Yes, the average liability estimate was more than $200 higher for agentive language than nonagentive language.

Question 7

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
Correct.
Incorrect. Those in the agentive language condition, on average, had higher liability estimates than those in the nonagentive language condition.

Question 8

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
Correct.
Incorrect. Liability estimates increased from low to middle to high, with higher blame ratings resulting in higher liability estimates.

Question 9

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
Correct.
Incorrect. The lines are parallel, thus there is no interaction of language and blame rating.

Question 10

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
Correct.
Incorrect. Though the findings lead us to believe there is an impact of agentive language on assessments of blame and liability, we can only draw conclusions regarding causality when experiments are conducted and not when looking at a relationship in naturally occurring data.

Congratulations! You have completed this activity.