Chapter 1. MOTHER LOVE: THE WORK OF HARRY HARLOW

Synopsis

Human Development Video Activity

true

You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

attachment

The bond between infant and caregiver that is critical to the social and emotional development of a child. The nature and degree of attachment varies depending on the emotional and environmental characteristics of the child-caregiver relationship.

behaviorism

A theory of learning that believes environment, rather than internal thinking, drives human behavior and that under the right circumstances, behavior can be trained or conditioned.

contact comfort

Pleasure that comes from close physical contact, especially as it relates to mothers and caregivers.

institutional review board

A committee charged with reviewing plans for biomedical and behavioral research on human beings to protect the rights of research participants.

primary caregiver

The family member, trained professional, or individual who is in charge of caring for someone who cannot care for him/herself.

reinforcement

A response, in the form of reward or punishment, designed to increase the likelihood of behavior happening again.

secure base

The caregiver whom a baby trusts and, once crawling, uses as a home base from which to gain confidence to explore the environment.

variable

A quality or value that can be changed. In research, a variable is manipulated to determine if changes to one thing can result in changes to something else.

MOTHER LOVE:

THE WORK OF HARRY HARLOW

Author

Victoria Cross, University of California – Davis

Synopsis

This activity focuses on the work of Harry Harlow and contains much original footage from 1959. After considering the concept of the infant-mother bond and some of the ethical considerations around studying this topic, you will review the dominant theories and observe the set up and experiment results of Harlow’s actual study.

What Is an Infant’s Love for Its Mother?

Take a moment to think about the strong emotional bond or attachment that forms between most infants and their parents.

The primary caregiver is the person or people who care for an infant. This person can be of either gender and need not be biologically related to the infant. For the most part, the research of the past 50 years has focused on mothers as the primary caregivers. Since this activity features Harry Harlow’s historically significant work from 1959, this activity will focus on the bond between the infant and its mother.

Question 1.1

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There is no right or wrong answer to this question, so your response should reflect your current understanding of the formation of the emotional bond between an infant and its mother. As you learn more about this bond as you progress through this activity, you will have a chance to review and revise your answer with any new information that you acquire.

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Studying an Infant’s Love for Its Mother: Ethical Considerations

A mouse in a maze where it is clearly being studied for its ability to find the cheese.

^{There are serious ethical and research concerns about conducting research on animals.}

Conducting research on something as delicate as an infant’s love for its mother is an area that is rife with ethical considerations and concerns. For example, no institutional review board would allow a researcher to remove an infant from its mother in order to study the impact on the emotional bond.

However, the topic is very important in understanding human development. Therefore, researchers must consider alternate ways of answering their research questions without violating research ethics or participants’ trust.

One option would be to take advantage of naturally occurring situations in which infants and their primary caregivers are separated. Such naturally occurring situations may include adoption, foster care, and hospitalization.

Another option would be to select an animal model that resembles humans in the behavior being studied. Conducting research on animals allows researchers to exert more control over the experiences of the animal than can be exerted over humans.

However, the challenge is that no animal completely resembles humans so any information gathered from animal research might not generalize to human behavior.

An Introduction to Harlow’s Work

Play this video from 1959 to listen to Harry Harlow introduce his work with infant rhesus monkeys.

Question 1.2

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Correct. Nursing and contact comfort are two variables that were the primary focus of Harlow’s research.

Incorrect. Nursing and contact comfort are two variables that were the primary focus of Harlow’s research.

false

Introduction to Harlow’s Work: Historical Context

In the clip that you just watched, Harlow states, “Some people believe that this bond is built upon nursing.” This statement is a direct reference to behaviorism, which was a dominant theory in psychology from the 1930s through the 1960s. According to the tenets of behaviorism, behaviors that are reinforced are likely to be repeated. Food acts as the primary reinforcement because all animals need food, and research has repeatedly shown that animals will work hard to obtain food.

For an infant, establishing contact with its mother is reinforced when the infant is being fed. According to behaviorism, the infant will repeat the behaviors that bring and keep its mother close (e.g., crying, cooing and smiling while being held). Keep in mind that behaviorism does not attempt to explore the emotional component of this relationship.

Question 1.3

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false

You have completed this matching activity.

Meet the ‘Mothers’

In this study, Harlow compared two characteristics while holding all other variables constant. This allowed him to separate the influences of contact comfort and nursing on the formation of the infant emotional bond. Be aware that Harlow had complete control of the characteristics of the surrogate mothers.

Question 1.4

Play the video. Then fill in the table below by selecting the correct descriptions for the levels of each of the two variables.

Contact Comfort
Wire	rr0XYG7q5zfqNggr1jZQzMf4Zmrn0s/+qKb66J2W99OzjzkwKJxYDWWA2b02HrtMUtCzuiaImKrOcnMtdqmdOdxyGEnPV8twGestJHzJemU7pAVPu+E8vf4TiMJpm29LfEYpUqHqDZfvDzacCOioZw==
Cloth-covered	yEJKB9dFL8SLdByRgN3oTfUufnSV1/wjiSfE/tzSF4ZhCFOWx6rQRBZDGBENTlKE3qrOOeqSc3Xzw3XKOPym8H8MmYtDIC10l6ZFnmbXzI1aJBPNTMDNydOKhDh4GKdPGr8kenOe8W1icaC3FmSOWLM/C4W+Jd0e
Nursing
With bottle	c3gCgP3IATAVyv50XIpVnqoEGsF7VuvMVUIYpcD2ba6Lv5sbjPFwe9TE9/VCYBMwT8LhFXuIkxKMy1/1bVFQ2slBod3G2+DwRzuJVg==
Without bottle	LszSQFzlb2ndp0CIwTINB1IQ+q3PR/+0/3IFtnqGVcLx+hUueOuVP53TbalWiTEYtNOCpCDCWIe5YrSXfR/Bpq019RrzStIoEFlBcY7HIaM=

false

You must complete the table above.

Please review your answers in the table above.

The Experiment

The infant rhesus monkeys were taken from their mothers at birth and raised in isolated cages. They each had constant access to a cloth mother and a wire mother. The infants were divided into two groups:

Group 1: nursed on wire mother only
Group 2: nursed on cloth mother only

Harlow analyzed the infants’ behaviors toward the surrogate mothers to evaluate the formation of the emotional attachment bond. If behaviorism accounts for the formation of this emotional bond, then the important variable would be nursing. However, if Harlow’s prediction was correct, then the primary variable responsible for forming an emotional bond would be contact comfort.

Question 1.5

Now, it’s time to make a prediction. In the table below, choose the predictions made by behaviorism and Harlow's theory for each experimental group.

	Prediction from behaviorism	Harlow's prediction
Nursed on wire mother	3XiPGzG4ELSyNz223xLIK3WP2x//Z5miAs9TYt+ywMl4GnVo8GCaiqBVdhUuKb8UNMeimaGIQP/S+DSty/MyVF1XgkM0YieEI8GzCZoAEoFnp4D0Ig/vfOYwhUvIGOVDK+jitiKGIV3ahHReRdM7RDEjR7WFNFDzxr83kQ==	QY0HW9buO1FXdexIwFjtPDt07AiAWI+esutjkWMUtIOo6w4QNxXgDOqzJuGhJSbeAQ0+jEIyPMVZYOJDXmlhVeempWxzwHS8D641Ab41TdNq0wbQmN/XFBwni68bfkB/rd3/nkdWcuVZ63XJVkcCI9S/cnc=
Nursed on cloth mother	qghFUn60KPMYwyx3s6fZQm7nHjx3ea6L41tLuwiLHzODhLSFB6ftpvTishW20D0G7617wqYV76GueGZl6TJlbHsRL3+iTglmaeGHF/uVJRgRhGNz37SmnJo9NPbbqlzFSWHYObdK8+RbfLBUA1HKgX8dKaseSkBo5XN7Ng==	gO+SenYoL27oJAwxGr50uwyNJdQ/LoiL0RgcD3zKGneteQ20jGCxmjDV5lQDSqL19L7DYcN0rpuWbVv8MhWQoHerQcxXDRHrdVUgo+LVIh10scIxbL9hDJCfweTFLrnpqWO7J4bB/C44pkm/KyMxw88oWeM=

false

You must complete the table above.

Please review your answers in the table above.

The Results

	Prediction from behaviorism	Harlow's prediction
Nursed on wire mother	wire mother is preferred	cloth mother is preferred
Nursed on cloth mother	cloth mother is preferred	cloth mother is preferred

From your predictions on the previous screen, you can see that both theories predict the same outcome for the infant rhesus monkeys that nursed on the cloth mothers. The critical comparison will be for the group that nursed on the wire mother. Behaviorism predicts that the monkeys in Group 1 would prefer the wire mother that nurses. Harlow suspected that the monkeys would prefer the cloth mother that provides contact comfort.

Play the video to observe one of the monkeys from Group 1.

Is This Love?

The infant rhesus monkey spends time on the cloth-covered monkey, but is this love? To explore this bond even further, Harlow devised a way to study how the infant monkeys act when they are frightened.

Play the video to find out what happened.

Harlow was particularly interested in evidence that proved that contact with the mother gives the infant security. Please note which evidence in the video clip shows that the infant gained security from contact with its mother.

A Secure Base

Both human and rhesus monkey infants have much to learn about the world around them. They learn by interacting with the world and exploring their environment. If exploration is disrupted, infants fail to gather information about their world and in effect, fail to learn and grow.

Infants must balance exploration with risk. An unfamiliar location is potentially dangerous, and a normal infant would be hesitant to explore it alone. A sign of a secure relationship with a primary caregiver is the ability to use that caregiver as a secure base. A secure base gives infants the confidence to explore the environment. These confident infants will occasionally check back to ensure that the caregivers are still available.

Play the video to find out if a cloth mother that has provided contact comfort and security from frightening machines can also act as a secure base in an unfamiliar location.

Question 1.6

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Correct! This statement is false.

Sorry. This statement is true.

false

Rethink an Earlier Response

At the beginning of this activity, you wrote the following answer to this question:

Question: How do you think the infant-mother bond forms? What do you think forms the basis of an infant’s love for its mother?

Your answer: No response entered.

Question 1.7

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Your response should indicate that infants do not learn to love their mothers because of nursing. Behaviorism cannot account for the relationship that forms between an infant and its mother. Contact comfort, or being soft and cuddly, is an overwhelmingly important characteristic of the surrogate mother and the mother-infant relationship.

false

Assessment: Check Your Understanding

Question 1.8

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Correct. The comparison between a wire mother who provided food and a cloth mother who did not provide food is the comparison that allowed Harlow to separate the influence of nursing from the influence of contact comfort.

Incorrect. The comparison between a wire mother who provided food and a cloth mother who did not provide food is the comparison that allowed Harlow to separate the influence of nursing from the influence of contact comfort.

false

Assessment: Check Your Understanding

Question 1.9

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Correct! Harlow’s infant monkeys obviously preferred contact comfort and spent significantly more time with the cloth mother than with the wire mother.

Sorry. Harlow’s infant monkeys obviously preferred contact comfort and spent significantly more time with the cloth mother than with the wire mother.

false

Assessment: Check Your Understanding

Question 1.10

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Correct! All of these measures were mentioned.

Sorry. Although that is true, there is more to this answer.

false

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