Treatment

Chapter 16. Treatment

16.1 Section Title

Topic: ADHD Diagnosis rates over time

Statistical Concepts Covered:

In this applet, you will continue to investigate issues with research design related to sampling and measurement by using meta-analysis, which is the analysis of many studies at once.

Introduction

The text chapters discuss various mental disorders and their symptoms, including Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and the role of various treatment options in helping those who have a mental disorder. ADHD is observed via a pattern of problems at home and school due to difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsiveness. The data for this applet comes from a meta-analysis by Faraone, Sergeant, Gillberg, and Biederman (2003). A meta-analysis is a study using the results from multiple studies are evaluated to determine the overall effect or difference. During this evaluation we must keep in mind the importance of sampling and measurement involved in the various studies.

Faraone and colleagues evaluated multiple studies conducted around the world to compare the percentage of individuals who met the criteria for ADHD based on location (U.S. or non-U.S.), gender (males or mixed), measurement type (rating scale, interview, or both), and rater (parent, teacher, or subject). In this applet we will also evaluate the diagnosis rates in relation to when changes were made to the diagnostic criteria for ADHD and when new drugs were released for this disorder. The dates for these are listed below:

Diagnosis Date Drug Introduction Date
1902: ADHD first described by Sir George Still
1922: "Post Encephalitic Brain Disorder"
1937: Benzedrine
1952: DSM-I
1955: Ritalin
1960: Adderall
1968: DSM-II
1968: DSM-III
1982: Ritalin SR
1987: DSM-III-R
1994: DSM-IV
1999: Metadate ER
2000: DSM-IV-TR
2000: Concerta
2001: Focalin
2001: Adderall XR
2002: Strattera
2005: Focalin XR
2006: Daytrana
2007: Vyvanse
2009: Inutniv
2010: Kapvay
2013: DSM-5
Table : Example data:

Richard Alan Hullinger, Indiana University, Bloomington
Melanie Maggard, University of the Rockies
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Question

1) In order to best interpret results and infer conclusions from them, we must take into consideration the sample used for a study. For the studies used in this applet, compare the prevalence of ADHD in the samples for U.S. studies and Non-U.S. studies. (Select “All” for the location and “None” for the all of the other fields.)

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2) ADHD studies typically focus on males or mixed samples, which include both males and females. What conclusions can we reach regarding the relationship between gender and ADHD rates from these studies? (Select “All” for the gender and “None” for the all of the other fields.)

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3) Does the person providing data for the diagnosis of ADHD impact the rate reported for a study? Compare the rates obtained when parents, teachers, or subjects themselves were providing information for the ratings. (Select “All” for the rater and “None” for the all of the other fields.)

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4) What is NOT a possible explanation for what we found in question 3?

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5) Does the measurement used for the diagnosis of ADHD impact the rate reported for a study? Compare the percentage diagnosed with ADHD based on data obtained using rating scales, interviews, or both. (Select “All” for the measurement and “None” for the all of the other fields.)

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Correct.
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6) What is NOT a possible explanation for what we found in question 5?

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7) What conclusion can we reach regarding the importance location, gender, rater, and measurement type seem to play in rates of ADHD diagnosis?

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Correct.
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8) Is there a relationship between ADHD diagnosis dates, diagnosis criteria, and the rates obtained in these studies? (Select the “Diagnosis dates” radio button and choose “All” for all of the other fields.)

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9) What can we conclude regarding the relationship between ADHD drug introduction dates and the rates obtained in these studies? (Select the “Drug introduction dates” radio button and choose “All” for all of the other fields.)

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Question

10) Based on what you’ve learned from the data explored in this applet and the readings in the chapters on psychological disorders and treatment, can we conclude that more drugs are created and released as a result of diagnostic criteria changes, or do diagnostic criteria changes follow drug availability?

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Correct.
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