Chapter 8. Emotion and Motivation

8.1 Emotion and Motivation

Topic: Have BMI and food consumption trends changed over time?

Statistical Concepts Covered:

In this applet, you’ll learn that in some research designs we are interested in looking at how data changes over time or trends. It is important to remember that in these types of studies we often cannot infer causality since there may be other variables contributing to the observed relationship between variables.

Introduction:

Hunger is the way our bodies motivate us to start and stop eating. But, as discussed in the chapter, our relationship with food is complex. Due to the increased health care costs and decreased quality of life for those who have obesity-related illnesses, the topic of obesity has become extremely relevant. This applet will allow you to explore data sets from two different sources regarding calorie consumption and obesity.

The first data set comes from a study by Wansink and Payne (2009) on calorie density and number of servings in recipes published in the “Joy of Cooking” from 1936 to 2006. The researchers analyzed the number of calories and servings for 18 recipes that appeared in each of the seven editions published in the following years: 1936, 1946, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1997, and 2006. The goal of this descriptive study was to determine whether there was a significant increase in calorie count and serving sizes over a 70 year period.

The second data set comes from the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global database on body mass index (BMI) and calories consumed daily. Due to what the WHO refers to as “globesity,” the global epidemic of overweight and obesity, data has been collected on BMI and the number of calories consumed on a daily basis to assess the relationship of obesity and calories to diet-related chronic diseases. The focus of this applet will be primarily on data collected within the United States between 1961 and 2001.

Richard Alan Hullinger, Indiana University, Bloomington
Melanie Maggard, University of the Rockies

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

Statistical Lesson. The important thing to remember about relationships between variables is that we cannot conclude that one of the variables caused the change we see in the other variable. This is especially true when we do not conduct an experiment that included manipulation or control over the variables or environment being studied. We cannot say conclusively that the variables affected each other. This is what statisticians are referring to when they say “do not infer causality.” Just because there is a relationship or pattern between two variables, such as they both increase, both decrease, or one increases while the other decreases, this does not mean that one causes the other. Most likely there is another third, or what we call confounding, variable that could be contributing to the pattern we observe.

A popular example is the relationship between ice cream sales and violent acts. A researcher in the 1980s found that in New York City as ice cream sales went up, so did violent acts. Though we might jump to the conclusion that ice cream causes people to be more violent, and subsequently ban ice cream everywhere, we cannot nor should not do this. When collecting naturally occurring data without the use of a true experiment, we cannot infer that one of the variables cause the others. What might be contributing to this relationship? Well, people tend to buy more ice cream when it is hot outside or in the summer time, and this is also the time when more crime occurs. Could it be that heat or being outside more is what links these two variables together? Keep this in mind when interpreting relationship – do not infer causality, and always look for confounding variables.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

Congratulations! You have completed this activity.