Notes and Data Sources

Chapter 1

1. T. J. Scanlon et al., “Is Friday the 13th bad for your health?” British Medical Journal 307 (6919, 1993): 1584-86.

2. U.S. Census Bureau, The Population Profile of the United States: 2000, http://www.census.gov/population/pop-profile/2000/slideshow/.

3. Amy Branum, Lauren Rossen, and Kenneth Schoendorf, “Trends in caffeine intake among U.S. children and adolescents,” Pediatrics 133 (3, 2014): 386-93. Our sample size is estimated from the reported standard error.

4. https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/about/data-center/student/title-iv.

5. www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us.aspx.

6. http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/30/us/deadliest-tornadoes/.

7. Michel de Lorgeril, et al., “Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction, final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study,” Circulation 99 (6, 1999): 779-85. The American Heart Association (www.heart.org/HEARTORG/) identifies the following characteristics as common to most Mediterranean diets. There is a “high consumption of fruits, vegetables, bread and other cereals, potatoes, beans, nuts and seeds. Olive oil is an important monounsaturated fat source. Dairy products, fish and poultry are consumed in low to moderate amounts, and little red meat is eaten.”

8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General—Executive Summary (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006).

9. Iain McGregor and Wayne Hall, “MDMA (Ecstasy) neurotoxicity: assessing and communicating the risks,” Lancet 355 (9217, 2000): 1818-21.

10. R. L. Bratton et al., “Effect of ‘ionized’ wrist bracelets on musculoskeletal pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 77 (11, 2002):1164-68.

Chapter 2

1. Concetta A. Depaolo and David F. Robinson (Indiana State University), “Café data,” Journal of Statistics Education 19 (1, 2011).

2. Lars Engebretsen et al., “Sports injuries and illnesses during the Winter Olympic Games 2010,” British Journal of Sports Medicine 44 (11, 2010): 772-80.

3. Amanda Lenhart, Cell Phones and American Adults, Pew Internet and American Life Project, September 2, 2010.

4. See Note 3.

5. Candace A. Howell, Nicolas G. Nelson, and Lara B. McKenzie, “Pediatric and adolescent sledding-related injuries treated in U.S. emergency departments in 1997-2007,” Pediatrics 126 (3, 2010): 517-24.

6. Eileen M. Burd, “Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews 16 (1, January 2003): 1-17.

7. Christopher E. Barat, Courtney Wright, and Betty Chou, “Examining potential predictors for completion of the Gardasil vaccine sequence based on data gathered at clinics of Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions,” Journal of Statistics Education 19 (1, 2011).

8. M. A. Chase and G. M. Dummer, “The role of sports as a social determinant for children,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 63 (4, 1992): 418-24.

9. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

10. World Health Organization, Global Health Indicators, www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Part2.pdf.

Chapter 3

1. www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/02/11/the-rising-cost-of-not-going-to-college/, 2014.

2. P. A. Mackowiak, S. S. Wasserman, and M. M. Levine, “A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich, Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (12, 1992): 1578-80.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/stateprofiles/usmap.htm.

4. Dr. Peter Nonacs, “Foraging habits of thatch ants,” Department of Statistics, University of California at Los Angeles and the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory.

5. National Center for Education Statistics, 2005.

6. http://radar.oreilly.com/2013/12/tweets-loud-and-quiet.html, December 2013.

Chapter 4

1. Grete Heinz et al., “Exploring relationships in body dimensions,” Journal of Statistics Education 11 (2, 2003).

2. Data set excerpted from: T. Allisonand D.V. Cicchetti, “Sleep in mammals: ecological and constitutional correlates,” Science 194 (4266, 1976): 732-34.

3. A. Johnson, Results from Analyzing Metals in 1999 Spokane River Fish and Crayfish Samples, Washington State Department of Ecology Report, 2000. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/summarypages/0003017.html.

4. See Note 2.

5. Global Digital Communication: Texting, Social Networking Popular Worldwide, Pew Research Center Global Attitudes Project, December 2011. www.pewglobal.org/files/2011/12/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Technology-Report-FINAL-December-20-2011.pdf.

Chapter 5

1. l. e. markowitz et al., “quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).” morbidity and mortality weekly report 56 (rr-2, 2007): 1-24.

2. christopher e. barat, courtney wright, and betty chou, “examining potential predictors for completion of the gardasil vaccine sequence based on data gathered at clinics of johns hopkins medical institutions,” journal of statistics education 19 (1, 2011). www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v19n1/barat.pdf.

3. u.s. census bureau, 2004 american community survey.

4. gallup.com. three in 10 in u.s. own an array of consumer electronics. www.gallup.com/poll/166760/three-own-array-consumer-electronics.aspx, 2014.

5. pew research internet project, u.s. views of technology and the future. www.pewinternet.org/2014/04/17/us-views-of-technology-and-the-future/.

6. www.amstat.org/publications/jse/datasets/babyboom.txt.

7. pew research internet project. couples, the internet, and social media. www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/11/main-report-30/.

8. see note 4.

9. kristen purcell, roger enner, and nicole henderson, the rise of apps culture, pew research center's internet and american life project. www.pewinternet.org, 2010.

10. andrew rocco tresolini fiore, “romantic regressions: an analysis of behavior in online dating systems,” master's thesis, program in media arts and sciences, massachusetts institute of technology, 2004.

11. see note 9.

12. see note 2.

13. www.businessinsider.com/encrypted-gmail-data-2014-6, 2014.

14. frank n. magid associates, inc., 2014.

15. profile of hired farmworkers, a 2008 update/err-60, economic research service/usda.

Chapter 6

1. U.S. National Center for Education Statistics. The category “5 or more” has been changed to “5” for this exercise.

2. Gunter Hitsch, Ali Hortacsu, and Dan Ariely, What Makes You Click: An Empirical Analysis of Online Dating. www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2006/0106_0800_0502.pdf.

3. Women in Management: Analysis of Female Managers' Representation, Characteristics, and Pay, Government Accountability Office publication GAO-10-892R, September 20, 2010.

4. E. Skogvoll and B. H. Lindqvist, “Modeling the occurrence of cardiac arrest as a Poisson process,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 33 (4, 1999): 409-17.

5. “British Airways joins RBS and Ethoca in the collaborative fight against fraud,” press release, Marketwire, February 19, 2009.

6. Herger-Feinstein Quincy Library Group Forest Recovery Act Implementation on the Eagle Lake Ranger District, Lassen NF. www.qlg.org/pub/act/lnf/lnf1.htm.

7. Zdravko Markov and Daniel T. Larose, Data Mining the Web: Uncovering Patterns in Web Content, Structure, and Usage (John Wiley and Sons, 2007).

8. F. Giannelli, T. Anagnostopolous, and P. M. Green, “Mutation rates in humans. II. Sporadic mutation-specific rates and rate of detrimental human mutations inferred from hemophilia B,” American Journal of Human Genetics 65 (6, 1999): 1580-87.

9. Edwin R. Van Teijlingen, George W. Lowis, Maureen Porter, and Peter McCaffery, eds., Midwifery and the Medicalization of Childbirth: Comparative Perspectives (Nova Publishers, 2004).

10. Department of Health and Human Services. www.mass.gov.

11. The Campus Security Data Analysis Cutting Tool. http://ope.ed.gov/security/.

12. Frederick Mueller and Robert Cantu, Annual Survey of Football Injury Research, National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research, 2008.

13. Amanda Lenhart et al., Teens, Video Games, and Civics, Pew Internet and American Life Project, September 2008. www.pewinternet.org/2008/09/16/teens-video-games-and-civics/.

14. D. L. Olds et al., “Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: a randomized trial of nurse home visitation,” Pediatrics 77 (1, 1986): 16-28.

15. Allen J. Wilcox, National Institutes of Health, “The analysis of birth weight and infant mortality,” International Journal of Epidemiology (December 2001).

16. Lynn Unruh and Myron Fottler, “Patient turnover and nursing staff adequacy,” Health Services Research, April 2006.

17. Lauren Dutra and Stanton Glantz, “Electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarette use among U.S. adolescents: a cross-sectional study,” Journal of the American Medical Association—Pediatrics 168 (7, 2014): 610-17.

18. www.fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/how-americans-like-their-steak/, May 16, 2014.

19. Harvard School of Public Health, Survey of 5046 Adults in Hurricane High-Risk Areas, June-July 2007.

20. The Associated Press/Ipsos Poll actually contacted 1000 adults in June 2007.

21. P. Muntner et al., “Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents,” Journal of the American Medical Association 291 (17, 2004): 2107-13.

22. Phillida Bunkle and John Lepper, Women's Participation in Gambling: Whose Reality? A Public Health Issue. Paper presented to the European Association for the Study of Gambling Conference, Barcelona, Spain, October 2002.

Chapter 7

1. Bureau of Labor Statistics. www.bls.gov/tus/charts/.

2. B. S. Glenn et al., “Changes in systolic blood pressure associated with lead in blood and bone,” Epidemiology 17 (5, 2006): 538-44.

3. The Project on Student Debt. http://ticas.org/posd/home.

4. Gallup “State of the States.” www.gallup.com/poll/125066/state-states.aspx.

5. George Miller, “The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information,” Psychological Review 63 (1956): 81-97.

6. http://www.iop.harvard.edu

7. Ibid.

8. Sloan Burke et al., “Using technology to control intimate partners: an exploratory study of college undergraduates,” Computers in Human Behavior 27 (3, May 2011): 1162-67.

9. Murray Mittleman et al., “Determinants of myocardial onset study,” Circulation June 1999. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/99/21/2737.full.pdf

Chapter 8

1. Fuel Economy Guide: Model Year 2014. www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/pdfs/guides/FEG2014.pdf.

2. Kevin Crowley et al., “Parents explain more often to boys than girls during shared scientific thinking,” Psychological Science 12 (3, 2001): 258-61.

3. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2005.

4. Florida Department of Financial Services, 2011.

5. National Weather Service, 2011.

6. George Miller, “The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. 1956.,” Psychological Review 101 (2, 1994): 343-52.

7. Mary H. Ward et al., “Proximity to crops and residential exposure to agricultural herbicides in Iowa,” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (6, 2006): 893-97.

8. Irene Yen et al., “Perceived neighborhood problems and quality of life, physical functioning, and depressive symptoms among adults with asthma,” American Journal of Public Health 96 (5, 2006): 873-79.

9. Gary Bennett et al., “Television viewing and pedometer-determined physical activity among multiethnic residents of low-income housing,” American Journal of Public Health 96 (9, 2006), 1681-85.

10. Adapted from A. Johnson, “Results from analyzing metals in 1999 Spokane River fish and crayfish samples,” Quantitative Environmental Learning Project, Washington State Department of Ecology report 00-03-017. www.seattlecentral.edu/qelp/sets/021/021.html.

11. www.vgchartz.com, April 1, 2011.

12. See Note 3.

13. See Note 4.

14. See Note 11.

15. See Note 5.

16. http://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2013/07/26/starbucks-talks-about-its-future-more-food-more-digital/.

17. Christopher Reynolds, “Prey tell,” American Demographics 25 (8, 2003): 48.

18. www.gallup.com/poll/146885/Positivity-Optimism-Norm-Thriving-States.aspx.

19. Couples, the Internet, and Social Media. www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/11/couples-the-internet-and-social-media, February 2014

20. Mildred Cho and Lisa Bero, “The quality of drug studies published in symposium proceedings,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 124 (5, 1996): 485-89.

21. http://biomassmagazine.com/plants/listplants/biomass/US.

22. See Note 3.

23. See Note 4.

24. See Note 11.

25. See Note 21.

Chapter 9

1. “Consumers report eating at home more in the wake of high gas prices,” press release, NPD Group, Inc., Port Washington, NY, August 23, 2007.

2. “When it comes to height, Americans no longer stand tallest,” Research News, The Ohio State University. http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/taller.htm

3. K. Marien, A. Conseur, and M. Sanderson, “The effect of fish consumption on DDT and DDE levels in breast milk among Hispanic immigrants,” Journal of Human Lactation 14 (3, 1998): 237–42.

4. C. J. Earle, L. B. Brubaker, and G. Segura, International Tree Ring Data Base, NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder, CO.

5. See Note 2.

6. Caroline Davis, Elizabeth Blackmore, Deborah Katzman, and John Fox, “Anorexia nervosa case study,” paper presented at Statistical Society of Canada Annual Conference, Montreal, 2004. We have reversed the research question from that of the original case study.

7. Courtesy American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.

8. Data courtesy of OzDASL (Australian Data and Story Library) at www.statsci.org. The original source is Cara Dubois, ed., Lowie's Selected Papers in Anthropology (University of California Press, 1960).

9. https://gigaom.com/2010/09/09/419-average-number-of-apps-downloaded-to-iphone-40-android-25/

10. Florida Department of Financial Services, 2011.

11. www.vgchartz.com, April 1, 2011.

12. National Weather Service, 2011.

13. Mary Madden and Amanda Lenhart, Online Dating, Pew Internet and American Life Project, 2006.

14. “Patterns and trends in nonmedical prescription pain reliever use: 2002 to 2005,” NSDUH Report, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, April 6, 2007.

15. The National Survey on Environmental Management of Asthma and Children's Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (NSEMA/CEE) (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004).

16. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2014.

17. Ibid.

18. Florida Department of Financial Services, 2011.

19. Steve Strand, Ian Deary, and Pauline Smith, “Sex differences in cognitive abilities test scores: a UK national picture,” British Journal of Educational Psychology 76 (Pt 3, 2006): 463–80.

20. Siobhan Banks and David Dinges, “Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 3 (5, 2007): 519-28.

21. Michael Smith, Ilona Croy, and Kerstin Persson Waye. “Human sleep and cortical reactivity are influenced by lunar phase,” Current Biology 24 (12, 2014): R551–22.

22. A Nation Online: Entering the Broadband Age, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2004.

23. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2006.

Chapter 10

1. Daniel Larose and Chantal Larose, Data Mining and Predictive Analytics (John Wiley and Sons, 2015). See also Daniel Larose and Chantal Larose, Discovering Knowledge in Data: An Introduction to Data Mining (John Wiley and Sons, 2014).

2. K. J. Thomas et al., “Randomised controlled trial of a short course of traditional acupuncture compared with usual care for persistent non-specific low back pain,” British Medical Journal 333 (7569, 2006).

3. Karin Olson and John Hanson, “Using Reiki to manage pain,” Cancer Prevention and Control 1 (2, 1997): 108-13.

4. T. J. Scanlon et al., “Is Friday the 13th bad for your health?” British Medical Journal 307 (6919, 1993): 1584-86.

5. George W. Snedecor and William G. Cochran, Statistical Methods, 8th Ed. (Iowa State University Press, 1989).

6. P. A. Mackowiak, S. S. Wasserman, and M. M. Levine, “A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich,” Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (12, 1992): 1578-80.

7. See note 5.

8. See Barry K. Moser and Gary R. Stevens, “Homogeneity of variance in the two-sample means test,” American Statistician 46 (1, 1992): 19-21.

9. Steven Reinberg, “U.S. kids using media almost 8 hours a day: survey finds few parents set rules as use of ‘smart’ phones, computers soars,” Bloomberg Business Week: Executive Health, January 20, 2010.

10. D. L. Olds et al., “Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: a randomized trial of nurse home visitation,” Pediatrics 77 (1, 1986): 16-28.

11. Michael Brett and Charles Goldman, “A meta-analysis of the freshwater trophic cascade,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (15, 1996): 7723-26.

12. Faria Sana, Tina Weston, and Nicholas Cepeda, “Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers,” Computers and Education 62 (March 2013): 24-31.

13. H. H. Kelley, “The warm-cold variable in first impression of persons,” Journal of Personality 18 (4, 1950): 431-39.

14. A. Towler and R. L. Dipboye, “The effect of instructor reputation and need for cognition on student behavior,” poster presented at American Psychological Society conference, May 1998, San Francisco, CA.

15. www.pewinternet.org/2014/04/17/us-views-of-technology-and-the-future/pi_2014-04-16_techfuture_better_or_worse/.

16. V. K. Gadi et al., “Case-control study of fetal microchimerism and breast cancer,” PLoS One 3 (3, 2008): e1706.

17. R. L. Bratton et al., “Effect of ‘ionized’ wrist bracelets on musculoskeletal pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 77 (11, 2002): 1164-68.

18. D. B. Allison et al., “Weight loss increases and fat loss decreases all-cause mortality rate: results from two independent cohort studies,” International Journal of Obesity 23 (6, 1999): 603-11.

19. Siddharth Chandra et al., “Daily smoking patterns, their determinants, and implications for quitting,” Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 15 (1, 2007): 67-80.

20. Eric Zander and Sven Olof Dahlgren, “WISC-III index score profiles of 520 Swedish children with pervasive developmental disorders, Psychological Assessment 22 (2, 2010): 213-22.

21. G. Danaei et al., “The promise of prevention: the effects of four preventable risk factors and national life expectancy disparities by race and county in the United States,” PLoS Medicine 7 (3, 2010): 1-14.

22. Letitia Williams et al., Surveillance for Selected Maternal Behaviors and Experiences Before, During, and After Pregnancy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, November 14, 2003. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5211a1.htm#tab5.

Chapter 11

1. Mary Madden and Amanda Lenhart, Online Dating, Pew Internet and American Life Project, 2005.

2. www.disastercenter.com/.

3. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Adult Education Survey of the 2005 National Household Education Surveys Program.

4. Derek M. Burnett et al., “Impact of minority status following traumatic spinal cord injury,” NeuroRehabilitation 17 (3, 2002): 187-94.

5. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, How Young People View Their Lives, Futures, and Politics: A Portrait of “Generation Next” (2007).

6. Andrew Rocco Tresolini Fiore, “Romantic regressions: an analysis of behavior in online dating systems,” Master's thesis, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004.

7. See Note 1.

8. M. A. Chase and G. M. Dummer, “The role of sports as a social determinant for children,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 63 (4, 1992): 418-24.

9. J. R. Knight et al., “Alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63 (3, 2002): 263-70.

10. Donald Garrow and Leonard Egede, “National patterns and correlates of complementary and alternative medicine use in adults with diabetes,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 12 (9, 2006): 895-902.

11. J. E. Anderson and S. Sansom, “HIV testing in a national sample of pregnant U.S. women: who is not getting tested?” AIDS Care 19 (3, 2007): 375-80.

12. National Agricultural Statistics Service, Agricultural Statistics, www.nass.usda.gov, 2006.

Chapter 12

1. Joseph Maze, Richard Murphy, and Cheri Simonds, “I'll see you on Facebook: the effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate,” Communication Edition 56 (1, 2007): 1-17.

2. S. Blackman and D. Catalina, “The moon and the emergency room,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 37 (2, 1973): 624-26.

3. William S. Cleveland, Visualizing Data (Hobart Press, 1993).

4. The data set is adapted from the Cereals data set from the Data and Story Library. http://ib.stat.cmu.edu/DASL.

Chapter 13

1. Manufacturer's Web site for Scrabble. www.hasbro.com/scrabble/en_US/.

Chapter 14

1. See www.fueleconomy.gov, which is an excellent Web site for tips on improving gas mileage.

2. blog.mozilla.com/metrics.

3. Sophos.com.

4. P. A. Mackowiak, S. S. Wasserman, and M. M. Levine, “A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich, Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (1992): 1578–80.

5. U.S. Small Business Administration.

6. R.E. Keith and E. Merrill, “The effects of vitamin C on maximum grip strength and muscular endurance,” Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 23 (1983): 253–56. Data available at http://www.statsci.org/data/general/vitaminc.html.

7. Data set adapted from Karin Olson and John Hanson, “Using Reiki to manage pain,” Cancer Prevention and Control 1, no. 2 (1997): 108–13.

8. Data represent random samples from the Pulse Rates data set, originally from P. A. Mackowiak, S.S. Wasserman, and M.M. Levine. See n. 4.

9. Caroline Davis, Elizabeth Blackmore, Deborah Katzman, and John Fox, Anorexia Nervosa Case Study, Statistical Society of Canada Annual Conference, Montreal, 2004. http://www.ssc.ca/en/education/archived-case-studies/case-study-II-for-ssc-2004.

10. Joseph Maze, Richard Murphy, and Cheri Simonds, “I'll see you on Facebook: the effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate,” Communication Edition 56 (2007): 1–17.

11. The data set is adapted from the Cereals data set from the Data and Story Library, lib.stat.cmu.edu/DASL/.

12. Robert K. Murray and Tim H. Blessing, Greatness in the White House: Rating the Presidents, from Washington Through Ronald Reagan, 2nd ed. (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994).

13. J.F. Fraumeni, “Cigarette smoking and cancers of the urinary tract: geographic variations in the United States,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 41, 1205–11. Data courtesy of the Data and Story Library lib.stat.cmu.edu/DASL/.

14. Nobelprize.org.

15. NFL.com.

16. “Height-age curves for planted stands of Douglas fir, with adjustments for density,” by James Flewelling et al., College of Forest Resources, University of Washington (2001).

17. Info Please Almanac.

18. Ibid.