Chapter ch01. Critical Thinking Exercise

Moral Reasoning

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You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

Critical Thinking Exercise

Moral Reasoning

Lawrence Kohlberg developed the most influential theory of moral development (see Chapter 9). To assess moral reasoning, he presented individuals with hypothetical moral dilemmas and asked them how they would respond in the given circumstances. Kohlberg concluded that it was not the answers that the individuals provided to these moral dilemmas that were critical, but, rather, it was the reasoning that they used to justify their answers that was significant.

Visit the following Web site: https://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/kohlberg.dilemmas.html. It presents four moral dilemmas, as well as questions that can be used to assess moral reasoning. Select one of the moral dilemmas and complete the corresponding questions.

Question 1

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Your answer has been provisionally accepted. You'll get full credit for now, but your instructor may update your grade later after evaluating it.

Question 2

I. Preconventional Level
Moral reasoning is guided by external consequences. No internalization of values or rules. Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience “Right” is obeying the rules simply to avoid punishment because others have power over you and can punish you. Stage 2: Mutual Benefit “Right” is an even or fair exchange so that both parties benefit. Moral reasoning guided by a sense of “fair play.”
II. Conventional Level
Moral reasoning is guided by conformity to social roles, rules, and expectations that the person has learned and internalized. Stage 3: Interpersonal Expectations “Right” is being a “good” person by conforming to social expectations, such as showing concern for others and following rules set by others so as to win their approval. Stage 4: Law and Order “Right” is helping maintain social order by doing one’s duty, obeying laws simply because they are laws, and showing respect for authorities simply because they are authorities.
III. Postconventional Level
Moral reasoning is guided by internalized legal and moral principles that protect the rights of all members of society. Stage 5: Legal Principles “Right” is helping protect the basic rights of all members of society by upholding legalistic principles that promote the values of fairness, justice, equality, and democracy. Stage 6: Universal Moral Principles “Right” is determined by self-chosen ethical principles that reflect the person’s respect for ideals such as nonviolence, equality, and human dignity. If these moral principles conflict with democratically determined laws, the person’s self-chosen moral principles take precedence.

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Your answer has been provisionally accepted. You'll get full credit for now, but your instructor may update your grade later after evaluating it.

Using the table below, determine your stage of moral development. Be sure to use examples from your responses to support your answer.

Question 3

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Your answer has been provisionally accepted. You'll get full credit for now, but your instructor may update your grade later after evaluating it.

According to your textbook, moral reasoning does not necessarily translate into moral behavior. In the 1980s, America got a first-hand look at the Jimmy Swaggart scandal. Swaggart was a popular televangelist who founded a megachurch called Jimmy Swaggart Ministries. In two separate incidents, Swaggart was found with prostitutes, events that ultimately led to the downfall of his ministry. Provide an example of another public figure who emphasized high moral standards, but who was caught engaging in immoral behavior. You can select a politician, celebrity, sports figure, etc.

Question 4

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Your answer has been provisionally accepted. You'll get full credit for now, but your instructor may update your grade later after evaluating it.

Question 5

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In Kohlberg’s ____ level, moral reasoning is guided by external consequences.

Question 6

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According to Kohlberg’s ____ level, moral reasoning is guided by internalized legal and moral principles that protect the rights of all members of society.

Question 7

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Ahmed’s moral reasoning is guided by conformity to the social roles, rules, and expectations that he has learned and internalized. Ahmed’s reasoning is consistent with Kohlberg’s ____ level.

Question 8

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Suggested Answer: According to psychologist Carol Gilligan, because Kohlberg’s early research was conducted entirely with male participants, his theory does not adequately address moral reasoning among women. Gilligan argued that Kohlberg’s theory is based on an ethic of individual rights and justice, a common perspective for men. Women, in contrast, emphasize an ethic of care and responsibility in their moral reasoning. However, follow-up research has indicated only slight differences in moral reasoning between males and females. Moreover, research reveals that both men and women combine care and justice in their moral reasoning.