KEY TERMS
consciousness attention circadian rhythm suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) melatonin electroencephalograph EEG (electroencephalogram) REM sleep NREM sleep beta brain waves alpha brain waves hypnagogic hallucinations sleep paralysis sleep spindles K complex REM rebound sleep thinking dream nightmare manifest content latent content activation– neurocognitive model of dreaming sleep disorders dyssomnias parasomnias insomnia obstructive sleep apnea narcolepsy cataplexy sleep terrors sleepwalking sleep- sleepsex hypnosis posthypnotic suggestion posthypnotic amnesia dissociation neodissociation theory of hypnosis hidden observer meditation psychoactive drug physical dependence drug tolerance withdrawal symptoms drug rebound effect drug abuse depressants inhalants barbiturates tranquilizers opioids stimulants caffeine nicotine amphetamines cocaine psychedelic drugs mescaline LSD marijuana ecstasy dissociative anesthetics stimulus control therapy | A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over- A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior. An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real- Vague, bland, thoughtlike ruminations about real- A suggestion made during hypnosis asking a person to carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session. A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms. Hilgard’s term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis. Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep. A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect. A synthetic psychedelic drug. A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively. A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism. A category of sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep; includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain’s electrical activity. A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep. A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist’s suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior. Serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress. A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite. The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion. A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes. A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms. A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion. Model of dreaming that emphasizes the continuity of waking and dreaming cognition, and states that dreaming is like thinking under conditions of reduced sensory input and the absence of voluntary control. Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent. Single but large high- The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph. Recurrent substance use that involves impaired control, disruption of social, occupational, and interpersonal functioning, and the development of craving, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep. Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety. Brain- Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects. A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called night terrors. The capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts or sensations. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day. Withdrawal symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug’s action. A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep. A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleepsex, and sleep- A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant. Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration in consciousness. Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness. Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep. A stimulant drug derived from the leaves of the coca tree. A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness. A stimulant drug found in tobacco products. A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain- Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep. A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity. Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation; includes the club drugs phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. Brain- Insomnia treatment involving specific guidelines to create a strict association between the bedroom and rapid sleep onset. A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness. A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep; also called sexsomnia. Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment. A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus. The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity. Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware during hypnosis. A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep without interruption. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream. A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking. A vivid and frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep. A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness. The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis). In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer. A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night. |
SOLUTION TO FIGURE 4.1
Figure 4.1: Can We Read Your Mind? Explanation: Look once more at the six cards on page 136, and then compare them with the five cards pictured on page 138. Notice any differences? If the act of circling an eye distracted you and you fell for the trick—
William James (1842–
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
J. Allan Hobson (b. 1933)
Robert W. McCarley (b. 1937)
Ernest R. Hilgard (1904–2001)