CHAPTER REVIEW

KEY TERMS

Question

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
amnesia
anterograde amnesia
chunking
clustering
context effect
cued recall
déjà vu experience
decay theory
dementia
elaborative rehearsal
encoding failure
encoding specificity principle
encoding
episodic memory
explicit memory
false memory
flashbulb memory
forgetting
imagination inflation
implicit memory
interference theory
long-term memory
long-term potentiation
maintenance rehearsal
memory consolidation
memory trace or engram
memory
misinformation effect
mood congruence
proactive interference
procedural memory
prospective memory
recall
recognition
repression
retrieval cue failure
retrieval cue
retrieval
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
schema
script
semantic memory
semantic network model
sensory memory
serial position effect
short-term memory
source confusion
source memory or source monitoring
stage model of memory
storage
suppression
tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experience
working memory
The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory.
A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten.
A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event.
Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories; forward-acting amnesia.
A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge, concepts, facts, and names.
The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful.
Remembering to do something in the future.
The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another.
Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory.
The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory.
Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information.
Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory.
The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information.
A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons.
Severe memory loss.
The mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time.
The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.
Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference.
A progressive disease that destroys the brain’s neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia.
Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory.
The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time.
The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes.
The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.
Memory for when, where, and how a particular experience or piece of information was acquired.
The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.
Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk.
Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness.
A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia.
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions.
An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood.
A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called free recall.
Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions as the result of disease, injury, or substance abuse.
A model that describes units of information in long-term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations.
A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur.
The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds.
The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time.
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events.
The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information.
An organized cluster of information about a particular topic.
A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory.
The temporary storage and active, conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.
A memory-distortion phenomenon in which your existing memories can be altered if you are exposed to misleading information.
Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-declarative memory.
The hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory.
A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it.
The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues.
The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate.
Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference.
A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices.
A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred.
The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.
The inability to recall information that was previously available.
A memory illusion characterized by brief but intense feelings of familiarity in a situation that has never been experienced before.

KEY PEOPLE

Suzanne Corkin (b. 1937)

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)

Eric Kandel (b. 1929)

Karl Lashley (1890–1958)

Elizabeth F. Loftus (b. 1944)

Brenda Milner (b. 1918)

George Sperling (b. 1934)

Richard F. Thompson (1930–2014)