KEY TERMS
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) amnesia anterograde amnesia chunking clustering context effect cued recall déjà vu experience decay theory dementia elaborative rehearsal encoding failure encoding specificity principle encoding episodic memory explicit memory false memory flashbulb memory forgetting imagination inflation implicit memory interference theory long- long- maintenance rehearsal memory consolidation memory trace or engram memory misinformation effect mood congruence proactive interference procedural memory prospective memory recall recognition repression retrieval cue failure retrieval cue retrieval retroactive interference retrograde amnesia schema script semantic memory semantic network model sensory memory serial position effect short- source confusion source memory or source monitoring stage model of memory storage suppression tip- working memory | Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non- Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward- Category of long- The stage of memory that represents the long- A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long- Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short- Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories; forward- The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate. The temporary storage and active, conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving. Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward- A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten. Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information. The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful. The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long- Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions as the result of disease, injury, or substance abuse. A model that describes units of information in long- The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system. The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle. Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward- The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time. The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another. Category of long- A memory illusion characterized by brief but intense feelings of familiarity in a situation that has never been experienced before. A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred. Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness. A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long- Severe memory loss. Remembering to do something in the future. Organizing items into related groups during recall from long- The hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory. Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory. The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time. The gradual, physical process of converting new long- Memory for when, where, and how a particular experience or piece of information was acquired. The inability to recall information that was previously available. The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information. A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event. A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur. A test of long- An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood. A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages: sensory memory, short- A test of long- Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long- Category of long- The inability to recall long- The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds. An organized cluster of information about a particular topic. A test of long- A memory- The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time. A long- The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it. A progressive disease that destroys the brain’s neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia. The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20- The mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time. |
Suzanne Corkin (b. 1937)
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)
Eric Kandel (b. 1929)
Karl Lashley (1890–1958)
Elizabeth F. Loftus (b. 1944)
Brenda Milner (b. 1918)
George Sperling (b. 1934)
Richard F. Thompson (1930–2014)