KEY TERMS
achievement motivation amygdala anthropomorphism arousal theory basal metabolic rate (BMR) basic emotions body mass index (BMI) cognitive appraisal theory of emotion competence motivation display rules drive theories drive emotion emotional intelligence extrinsic motivation facial feedback hypothesis glucose hierarchy of needs homeostasis humanistic theories of motivation incentive theories instinct theories insulin interpersonal engagement intrinsic motivation James– leptin motivation neuropeptide Y (NPY) obese self- self- self- sensation seeking set- sexual orientation Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) two- | Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain. The desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation. External factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations. Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body weight, called the set- An almond- The desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; the desire to do something for its own sake. The beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self- A complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Schachter and Singer’s theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal. A projective personality test, developed by Henry Murray and colleagues, that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes. A numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight; calculated as (703 × weight in pounds)/(height in inches)2. The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential. Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people. The desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task. The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion. Maslow’s hierarchical division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self- The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming. The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior. The attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman animals or inanimate objects. The most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal. The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal— When the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration. The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others. Defined by Maslow as a person’s “full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities.” The theory that emotional responses are triggered by a cognitive evaluation. The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. Condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater than 30.0. Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior. The direction of a person’s emotional and erotic attraction toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes. The theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes. A need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis. The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities. Social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions. Deci and Ryan’s theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied. Hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior. The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium. Simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats; commonly called blood sugar. The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards. |
Walter Cannon (1871–1945)
Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
Edward L. Deci (b. 1942)
Paul Ekman (b. 1934)
William James (1842–1910)
Virginia Johnson (1925–2013)
Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)
William Masters (1915–2001)
Richard M. Ryan (b. 1953)