KEY TERMS
actualizing tendency archetypes behavioral genetics California Psychological Inventory (CPI) collective unconscious conditional positive regard displacement ego defense mechanisms ego five- free association graphology humanistic psychology id identification libido Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Oedipus complex personality theory personality pleasure principle possible selves projective test psychoanalysis psychological test psychosexual stages reality principle reciprocal determinism repression Rorschach Inkblot Test self- self- self- Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) social cognitive theory source traits sublimation superego surface traits Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) trait theory trait unconditional positive regard unconscious | A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions. In psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by imitating the behavior and characteristics of another person. In Freud’s theory, a child’s unconscious sexual desire for the opposite- A model proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. In Rogers’s theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism. The capacity to accommodate external demands by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist. An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. In Freud’s theory, the partly conscious, self- Latin for I; in Freud’s theory, the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior, and is most in touch with the demands of the external world. A self- An ego defense mechanism that involves redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities; a form of displacement. (in psychoanalytic theory of personality and psychotherapy) The unconscious exclusion of anxiety- Personality characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior. In Freud’s theory, age- Albert Bandura’s theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self- A self- A trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality. The motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id. A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images that arise, revealing unconscious thoughts and emotions. In Jung’s theory, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas. A pseudoscience that claims to assess personality, social, and occupational attributes based on a person’s distinctive handwriting, doodles, and drawing style. The beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self- (theory of personality) The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self- An interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity on behavior. A type of personality test that involves a person’s interpreting an ambiguous image; used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits. The psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive. A projective test using inkblots, developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921. In Rogers’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others; conditional love or acceptance. A theory that attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people’s patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. In Jung’s theory, the inherited mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations that are the main components of the collective unconscious. The ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous. The set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself. The most fundamental dimensions of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number. Latin for the it; in Freud’s theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle. (in personality) Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development. A test that assesses a person’s abilities, aptitudes, interests, or personality on the basis of a systematically obtained sample of behavior. A type of psychological test in which a person’s responses to standardized questions are compared to established norms. A projective personality test, developed by Henry Murray and colleagues, that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes. Largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety. The aspect of the self- A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way. In Freud’s theory, a term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness. In Rogers’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don’t conform to the standards and expectations of others; unconditional love or acceptance. A self- |
Alfred Adler (1870–1937)
Albert Bandura (b. 1925)
Raymond Cattell (1905–1998)
Hans Eysenck (1916–1997)
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Karen Horney (1885–1952)
Carl G. Jung (1875–1961)
Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)
Carl Rogers (1902–1987)