KEY TERMS
actualizing tendency archetypes behavioral genetics California Psychological Inventory (CPI) collective unconscious conditional positive regard displacement ego defense mechanisms ego five- free association graphology humanistic psychology id identification libido Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Oedipus complex personality theory personality pleasure principle possible selves projective test psychoanalysis psychological test psychosexual stages reality principle reciprocal determinism repression Rorschach Inkblot Test self- self- self- Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) social cognitive theory source traits sublimation superego surface traits Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) trait theory trait unconditional positive regard unconscious | In Jung’s theory, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas. An interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity on behavior. In Freud’s theory, age- (theory of personality) The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self- Latin for I; in Freud’s theory, the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior, and is most in touch with the demands of the external world. Personality characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior. A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images that arise, revealing unconscious thoughts and emotions. A pseudoscience that claims to assess personality, social, and occupational attributes based on a person’s distinctive handwriting, doodles, and drawing style. Largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety. The set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself. A self- A model proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. Latin for the it; in Freud’s theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle. In Rogers’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others; conditional love or acceptance. In Freud’s theory, the partly conscious, self- (in psychoanalytic theory of personality and psychotherapy) The unconscious exclusion of anxiety- The aspect of the self- A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way. The capacity to accommodate external demands by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist. The psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive. In Jung’s theory, the inherited mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations that are the main components of the collective unconscious. A projective test using inkblots, developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921. An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id. A type of personality test that involves a person’s interpreting an ambiguous image; used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits. The beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self- In Rogers’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don’t conform to the standards and expectations of others; unconditional love or acceptance. Albert Bandura’s theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self- In Freud’s theory, a term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness. The most fundamental dimensions of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number. A projective personality test, developed by Henry Murray and colleagues, that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes. In Rogers’s theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism. A self- The ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous. (in personality) Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development. A test that assesses a person’s abilities, aptitudes, interests, or personality on the basis of a systematically obtained sample of behavior. A trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality. A theory that attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people’s patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. In Freud’s theory, a child’s unconscious sexual desire for the opposite- A self- In psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by imitating the behavior and characteristics of another person. A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions. An ego defense mechanism that involves redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities; a form of displacement. A type of psychological test in which a person’s responses to standardized questions are compared to established norms. |
Alfred Adler (1870–1937)
Albert Bandura (b. 1925)
Raymond Cattell (1905–1998)
Hans Eysenck (1916–1997)
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Karen Horney (1885–1952)
Carl G. Jung (1875–1961)
Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)
Carl Rogers (1902–1987)